Proses pembelajaran dalam mencapai tujuan kegiatan pembelajaran yang telah ditentukan. Dalam mengajar Pembelajaran Fiqih, seorang pendidik perlu menggunakan strategi pembelajaran untuk memudahkan dalam menyampaikan suatu materi Pembelajaran Fiqih pada peserta didik, sehingga peserta didik dapat dengan mudah mencerna dan memahami suatu materi pembelajaran dengan baik.
Harta dalam bahasa Arab disebut al-mal (لاملا) yang berasal dari kata اليم ـ ليمي ـ لام yang berarti condong, cenderung, dan miring. Manusia cenderung ingin memiliki dan menguasai harta. Harta (al-mal) menurut kamus Al-muhith tulisan Alfairuz Abadi adalah: ءيش لك نم هت ك ـ�م ام “Segala sesuatu yang engkau punyai”.
Legal transplantation and reform in the name of globalisation is central to the transformation of Asian legal systems. The contributions to "Examining Practice, Interrogating Theory: Comparative Legal Studies in Asia" analyse particular legal changes in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The contributions also concurrently critically analyse the utility of scholarly developments in comparative legal studies, particularly discourse analysis; regulatory theory; legal pluralism; and socio-legal approaches, in the study of Asian legal systems. While these approaches are regularly invoked in the study of transforming European legal systems, the debate of their relevance and explanatory capacity beyond the European context is recent. By bringing together these diverse analytical tools and enabling a comparison of their insights through Asian empirical case studies, this book makes an invaluable contribution to the debates concerning legal change and the methods by which it is analysed globally, and within Asia.
By bringing together these diverse analytical tools and enabling a comparison of their insights through Asian empirical case studies, this book makes an invaluable contribution to the debates concerning legal change and the methods by which ...
This is the latest volume in a series which has provided coverage of the seminal advances in machine intelligence over the past two decades. It marks a turning point in the series' direction, one that will focus on the vital problem of scientific reasoning and the application of artificial intelligence to analyzing the sometimes staggering quantities of data generated in fields from biotechnology to planetary physics. The book includes contributions from internationally recognized experts who offer their insights on important practical and theoretical developments. It also includes an extensive bibliography that will serve as a valuable guide to the literature.
admissibility of arguments , which arises very commonly in legal reasoning , does not seem directly amenable to a probabilistic approach either . Our approach is to use the meta - logical capabilities of Prolog and the certainty space ...
"In this book, Sarah E. Chinn pulls together what seems to be opposite discourses--the information-driven languages of law and medicine and the subjective logics of racism--to examine how racial identity has been constructed in the United States over the past century. She examines a range of primary social case studies such as the American Red Cross' lamentable decision to segregate the blood of black and white donors during World War II, and its ramifications for American culture, and more recent examples that reveal the racist nature of criminology, such as the recent trial of O.J. Simpson. Among several key American literary texts, she looks at Mark Twain's Pudd'nhead Wilson, a novel whose plot turns on issues of racial identity and which was written at a time when scientific and popular interest in evidence of the body, such as fingerprinting, was at a peak"--Publisher's description.
Legal theorists in Britain and the United States had lesser faith not in an absolute truth , but in their own ability ... In a direct reversal of eighteenth - century beliefs about the logical nature of legal reasoning , 17 Wills argued ...
This book presents research in an interdisciplinary field, resulting from the vigorous and fruitful cross-pollination between traditional deontic logic and computer science. AI researchers have used deontic logic as one of the tools in modelling legal reasoning. Computer scientists have discovered that computer systems (including their interaction with other computer systems and with human agents) can often be productively modelled as norm-governed. So, for example, deontic logic has been applied by computer scientists for specifying bureaucratic systems, access and security policies, and soft design or integrity constraints, and for modelling fault tolerance. In turn, computer scientists and AI researchers have also discovered (and made it clear to the rest of us) that various formal tools (e.g. nonmonotonic, temporal and dynamic logics) developed in computer science and artificial intelligence have interesting applications to traditional issues in deontic logic. This volume presents some of the best work done in this area, with the selection at once reflecting the general interdisciplinary (and international) character that this area of research has taken on, as well as reflecting the more specific recent inter-disciplinary developments between traditional deontic logic and computer science.
This book presents research in an interdisciplinary field, resulting from the vigorous and fruitful cross-pollination between traditional deontic logic and computer science.
This book presents the current state of the art regarding the application of logical tools to the problems of theory and practice of lawmaking. It shows how contemporary logic may be useful in the analysis of legislation, legislative drafting and legal reasoning concerning different contexts of law making. Elaborations of the process of law making have variously emphasised its political, social or economic aspects. Yet despite strong interest in logical analyses of law, questions remains about the role of logical tools in law making. This volume attempts to bridge that gap, or at least to narrow it, drawing together some important research problems—and some possible solutions—as seen through the work of leading contemporary academics. The volume encompasses 20 chapters written by authors from 16 countries and it presents diversified views on the understanding of logic (from strict mathematical approaches to the informal, argumentative ones) and differentiated choices concerning the aspects of law making taken into account. The book presents a broad set of perspectives, insights and results into the emerging field of research devoted to the logical analysis of the area of creation of law. How does logic inform lawmaking? Are legal systems consistent and complete? How can legal rules be represented by means of formal calculi and visualization techniques? Does the structure of statutes or of legal systems resemble the structure of deductive systems? What are the logical relations between the basic concepts of jurisprudence that constitute the system of law? How are theories of legal interpretation relevant to the process of legislation? How might the statutory text be analysed by means of contemporary computer programs? These and other questions, ranging from the theoretical to the immediately practical, are addressed in this definitive collection.
Legal reasoning is “pragmatic” in at least three senses. First, the ultimate subject matter of such reasoning is decision–making leading to governmental action. The ultimate focus on whether or not to engage in some action gives the ...
This dissertation defends the use of nonmonotonic logic to represent rule-based legal reasoning, as exemplified by a particular, complex statute: the Internal Revenue Code. The dissertation motivates and provides a theoretical basis for formalizing the United States tax code (and perhaps other statutes). Formalization of statutory language will make statutes more precise. Formalized statutory language that tracks the actual structure of the tax law will make it easier for theoretical work to converge with the law, and may lay the groundwork to apply artificial intelligence to tax compliance and avoidance.To this end, the dissertation investigates and refines John Horty's work, especially Reasons as Defaults, with particular focus on examples in that book of inappropriate equilibria---scenarios that Horty's approach endorses that Horty finds problematic or unintuitive. The dissertation looks at Horty's work in service of applying Horty's work, and default logic more generally, to legal reasoning, and in particular rule-based legal reasoning.
This dissertation defends the use of nonmonotonic logic to represent rule-based legal reasoning, as exemplified by a particular, complex statute: the Internal Revenue Code.
Sebagaimana telah diketahui bersama bahwa saat ini perkembangan ekonomi Islam atau ekonomi syariah mengalami kemajuan yang sangat pesat, baik di Indonesia maupun di dunia internasional. Hal ini ditandai dengan menjamurnya lembaga keuangan yang banyak bermunculan, kampus-kampus Myang membuka jurusan ekonomi Islam (baik di negara muslim maupun non-muslim), muculnya lembaga penelitian tentang ekonomi Islam, banyaknya asosiasi baik di bidang akademik maupun bisnis dalam bidang ekonomi Islam, dan lain sebagainya.
Sebagaimana telah diketahui bersama bahwa saat ini perkembangan ekonomi Islam atau ekonomi syariah mengalami kemajuan yang sangat pesat, baik di Indonesia maupun di dunia internasional.
