The selection of waste heat rejection systems for steam-electric power plants involves a trade-off among environmental, energy and water conservation, and economic factors. This study compares four general types of cooling systems on the basis of these factors. The cooling systems chosen for study are: once-through systems including surface canals and submerged multiport diffusers; shallow closed cycle cooling ponds; mechanical and natural draft evaporative cooling towers; and mechanical draft dry towers. The cooling system comparison involves, first, an optimization of each cooling system and then a comparison among optimal systems. Comparison is made for an 800 MWe fossil unit and a 1200 MWe nuclear unit located at a hypothetical midwestern river site. A set of models has been developed to optimize the components of each cooling system based on the local meteorological and hydrological conditions at the site in accordance with a fixed demand, scalable plant concept. This concept allows one to compare the costs of producing the same net power from each plant/cooling system. Base case economic parameters were used to evaluate the optimum system for each of the four general cooling systems followed by a sensitivity study for each parameter. Comparison of energy and water consumption follows from the results of the performance model, while comparison of environmental impacts is mostly qualitative. Some quantitative modelling was performed for the environmental effects of thermal discharges from once-through systems, fogging from wet cooling towers and water consumption from the ponds, wet towers and once-through. The results of the optimization models of each of the systems are compared on the basis of: performance - discrete distributions of environmental conditions and transient simulation; economics - using base case scenarios and sensitivity values to arrive at costs expressed in terms of production costs, annualized costs and present value costs; energy and water consumption; and environmental effects. The once-through systems were found to be the least expensive of the four systems, the most energy efficient, but potentially the most environmentally damaging. On the other extreme, dry cooling towers are the most environmentally sound while being the most expensive and least energy efficient. Finally, the results of the economic optimization are compared with results from previous comparative studies.
The selection of waste heat rejection systems for steam-electric power plants involves a trade-off among environmental, energy and water conservation, and economic factors.
`This book does provide a useful, concise discussion of the legislative background to science in schools from the nineteenth century to the present day′ - Colette Murphy, British Journal of Educational Studies `This book makes a fascinating and compelling read, particularly for anyone who has a professional involvement or interest in the ′National Curriculum′.... For anyone with an interest in teaching science as a professional enterprise this book is a must′ - Joe McDowall, School Science Review `This book makes a fascinating and compelling read.... The insights provided are fascinating and reminded me of how, as a bust teacher, it is often difficult to see the wood for the trees!... For anyone with an interest in teaching science as a professional enterprise this book is a must′ - Joe McDowell, Science Education, Research and Practice Who wants to change school science education and why? What mechanisms exist to effect change? What implications do they have for teachers′ professionalism? These are the principal questions explored in this book. The authors focus on strategies for effecting change, including decentralized and statutory mechanisms, and the use of systems of assessment. The authors question the effectiveness of centralized programmes in improving the quality of students′ science education. They suggest that this arises from a failure to acknowledge the contribution that the science teaching profession must make to reform. They argue that sustained and effective change, embodying improvements in standards, depends upon promoting the initiative, authority and expertise of science teachers themselves, and upon finding a new balance between these professional characteristics and the political demand for accountability. Science Education will be of interest to teachers, policy-makers and researchers in any educational system which strives to raise the quality of science education in its schools.
For anyone with an interest in teaching science as a professional enterprise this book is a must′ - Joe McDowell, Science Education, Research and Practice Who wants to change school science education and why?
5G, the emerging technology in mobile communication, is expected to deliver an important and decisive impact on several of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals where universal accessibility to ICTs remains a serious concern. However, cyber security has emerged as a serious challenge, not least because of the increased accessibility and broader usage with associated vulnerability. Developing countries have additional challenges associated with both the expected faster build-up of accessibility and lack of qualified competencies within cyber security. Discussion of these challenges is the overall theme and motivation for this book. Technical topics discussed in the book include: 5G in rural networks Critical infrastructures Open RAN Protection of privacy Cybersecurity and machine learning Cybersecurity and disaster monitoring
Online-banking fraud has developed as a significant problem for all banks. Due to the growth of erudite online financial fraud schemes, including phishing, malware, and ghost websites, is becoming more complex and results in huge losses ...
While public relations offers numerous assets for organization-stakeholder relationship building and for ethical corporate social responsibility and sustainability communication, it also faces challenges linked to negative perceptions of the profession which can lead to accusations of "greenwashing." This innovative book critically explores the growing, complex and sometimes contradictory connections among public relations, corporate social responsibility and sustainability. This book advocates a postmodern insider-activist role for public relations which can transform organizations into moral places committed to people, planet, and profit. By amplifying voices of nearly 100 for-profit and nonprofit professionals, and using hermeneutic phenomenological theme analyses of CSR/Sustainability reports and websites, this book invokes public relations, postmodern and critical theories to empower public relations professionals to transform organizations into ethical, authentic and transparent actors in the public sphere. It is essential reading for scholars, educators and enquiring professionals working in public relations, corporate communication, sustainability and corporate social responsibility.
This book advocates a postmodern insider-activist role for public relations which can transform organizations into moral places committed to people, planet, and profit.
Buku ini disusun dalam bentuk book chapter hasil kolaborasi dari para paraktisi dan akademisi. Buku ini terdiri dari dua belas bab yang membahas tentang sistem informasi manajemen. Peranan sistem informasi manajemen sangat penting dalam suatu organisasi, era yang serba digital saat ini memudahkan pertukaran arus informasi yang sangat cepat dan dapat diakses oleh seluruh lapisan masyarakat. Kami menyadari bahwa penyusunan buku ini tentu masih terdapat banyak kelemahan dan kekurangan. Oleh sebab itu, kami sangat mengharapkan masukan dari para pembaca demi penyempurnaan karya edisi selanjutnya.
Buku ini disusun dalam bentuk book chapter hasil kolaborasi dari para paraktisi dan akademisi.
Sistematika penulisan buku ini diuraikan dalam empat belas bab yang memuat tentang perencanaan produk baru, lingkungan yang penuh persaingan, focus kepada konsumen, menetapkan cara bersaing, peningkatan pengaruh teknologi, organisasi pemasaran, strategi pemasaran start up, pengembangan program pemasaran, strategi pemasaran dan bisnis, implementasi dan pengelolaan pemasaran bisnis start up, penentuan segmentasi pasar produk, strategi memasuki pasar produk baru, proses kepuasan konsumen, serta yang terakhir tentang evaluasi dan pengujian proses pemasaran.
Sistematika penulisan buku ini diuraikan dalam empat belas bab yang memuat tentang perencanaan produk baru, lingkungan yang penuh persaingan, focus kepada konsumen, menetapkan cara bersaing, peningkatan pengaruh teknologi, organisasi ...
