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A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems

The Reach of Abduction: Insight and Trial

The present work is a continuation of the authors' acclaimed multi-volume A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems. After having investigated the notion of relevance in their previous volume, Gabbay and Woods now turn to abduction. In this highly original approach, abduction is construed as ignorance-preserving inference, in which conjecture plays a pivotal role. Abduction is a response to a cognitive target that cannot be hit on the basis of what the agent currently knows. The abducer selects a hypothesis which were it true would enable the reasoner to attain his target. He concludes from this fact that the hypothesis may be conjectured. In allowing conjecture to stand in for the knowledge he fails to have, the abducer reveals himself to be a satisficer, since an abductive solution is not a solution from knowledge. Key to the authors' analysis is the requirement that a conjectured proposition is not just what a reasoner might allow himself to assume, but a proposition he must defeasibly release as a premiss for further inferences in the domain of enquiry in which the original abduction problem has arisen. The coverage of the book is extensive, from the philosophy of science to computer science and AI, from diagnostics to the law, from historical explanation to linguistic interpretation. One of the volume's strongest contributions is its exploration of the abductive character of criminal trials, with special attention given to the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Underlying their analysis of abductive reasoning is the authors' conception of practical agency. In this approach, practical agency is dominantly a matter of the comparative modesty of an agent's cognitive agendas, together with comparatively scant resources available for their advancement. Seen in these ways, abduction has a significantly practical character, precisely because it is a form of inference that satisfices rather than maximizes its response to the agent's cognitive target. The Reach of Abduction will be necessary reading for researchers, graduate students and senior undergraduates in logic, computer science, AI, belief dynamics, argumentation theory, cognitive psychology and neuroscience, linguistics, forensic science, legal reasoning and related areas. Key features: - Reach of Abduction is fully integrated with a background logic of cognitive systems. - The most extensive coverage compared to competitive works. - Demonstrates not only that abduction is a form of ignorance preserving inference but that it is a mode of inference that is wholly rational. - Demonstrates the satisficing rather than maximizing character of abduction. - The development of formal models of abduction is considerably more extensive than one finds in existing literature. It is an especially impressive amalgam of sophisticated conceptual analysis and extensive logical modelling. · Reach of Abduction is fully integrated with a background logic of cognitive systems. · The most extensive coverage compared to competitive works · Demonstrates not only that abduction is a form of ignorance preserving inference but that it is a mode of inference that is wholly rational. · Demonstrates the satisficing rather than maximizing character of abduction. · The development of formal models of abduction is considerably more extensive than one finds in existing literature. It is an especially impressive amalgam of sophisticated conceptual analysis and extensive logical modelling.

The present work is a continuation of the authors' acclaimed multi-volume A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems. After having investigated the notion of relevance in their previous volume, Gabbay and Woods now turn to abduction.

A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems

The Reach of Abduction: Insight and Trial

The present work is a continuation of the authors' acclaimed multi-volume A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems. After having investigated the notion of relevance in their previous volume, Gabbay and Woods now turn to abduction. In this highly original approach, abduction is construed as ignorance-preserving inference, in which conjecture plays a pivotal role. Abduction is a response to a cognitive target that cannot be hit on the basis of what the agent currently knows. The abducer selects a hypothesis which were it true would enable the reasoner to attain his target. He concludes from this fact that the hypothesis may be conjectured. In allowing conjecture to stand in for the knowledge he fails to have, the abducer reveals himself to be a satisficer, since an abductive solution is not a solution from knowledge. Key to the authors' analysis is the requirement that a conjectured proposition is not just what a reasoner might allow himself to assume, but a proposition he must defeasibly release as a premiss for further inferences in the domain of enquiry in which the original abduction problem has arisen. The coverage of the book is extensive, from the philosophy of science to computer science and AI, from diagnostics to the law, from historical explanation to linguistic interpretation. One of the volume's strongest contributions is its exploration of the abductive character of criminal trials, with special attention given to the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Underlying their analysis of abductive reasoning is the authors' conception of practical agency. In this approach, practical agency is dominantly a matter of the comparative modesty of an agent's cognitive agendas, together with comparatively scant resources available for their advancement. Seen in these ways, abduction has a significantly practical character, precisely because it is a form of inference that satisfices rather than maximizes its response to the agent's cognitive target. The Reach of Abduction will be necessary reading for researchers, graduate students and senior undergraduates in logic, computer science, AI, belief dynamics, argumentation theory, cognitive psychology and neuroscience, linguistics, forensic science, legal reasoning and related areas. Key features: - Reach of Abduction is fully integrated with a background logic of cognitive systems. - The most extensive coverage compared to competitive works. - Demonstrates not only that abduction is a form of ignorance preserving inference but that it is a mode of inference that is wholly rational. - Demonstrates the satisficing rather than maximizing character of abduction. - The development of formal models of abduction is considerably more extensive than one finds in existing literature. It is an especially impressive amalgam of sophisticated conceptual analysis and extensive logical modelling. · Reach of Abduction is fully integrated with a background logic of cognitive systems. · The most extensive coverage compared to competitive works · Demonstrates not only that abduction is a form of ignorance preserving inference but that it is a mode of inference that is wholly rational. · Demonstrates the satisficing rather than maximizing character of abduction. · The development of formal models of abduction is considerably more extensive than one finds in existing literature. It is an especially impressive amalgam of sophisticated conceptual analysis and extensive logical modelling.

The present work is a continuation of the authors' acclaimed multi-volume A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems. After having investigated the notion of relevance in their previous volume, Gabbay and Woods now turn to abduction.

The Force of Logic

Using Formal Logic as a Tool in the Craft of Legal Argument

Have you ever read a legal opinion and come across an odd term like the fallacy of denying the antecedent, the fallacy of the undistributed middle, or the fallacy of the illicit process and wondered how you missed that in law school? You’re not alone: every day, lawyers make arguments that fatally trespass the rules of formal logic—without realizing it—because traditional legal education often overlooks imparting the practical wisdom of ancient philosophy as it teaches students how to “think like a lawyer.” In his book, The Force of Logic: Using Formal Logic as a Tool in the Craft of Legal Argument, lawyer and law professor Stephen M. Rice guides you to develop your powers of legal reasoning in a new way, through effective tips and tactics that will forever change the way you argue your cases. Rice contends that formal logic provides tools that help lawyers distinguish good arguments from bad ones and, moreover, that they are simple to learn and use. When you know how to recognize logical fallacies, you will not only strengthen your own arguments, but you will also be able to punch holes in your opponent’s—and that can make the difference between winning and losing. In this book, Rice builds on the theoretical foundation of formal logic by demonstrating logical fallacies through the use of anecdotes, examples, graphical illustrations, and exercises for you to try that are derived from common case documents. It is a hands-on primer that presents a practical approach for understanding and mastering the place of formal logic in the art of legal reasoning. Whether you are a lawyer, a judge, a scholar, or a student, The Force of Logic will inspire you to love legal argument, and appreciate its beauty and complexity in a brand new way.

In this book, Rice builds on the theoretical foundation of formal logic by demonstrating logical fallacies through the use of anecdotes, examples, graphical illustrations, and exercises for you to try that are derived from common case ...

Hukum Ekonomi Syariah

Hukum Ekonomi Syari’ah atau Hukum Bisnis Syari’ah dewasa ini menjadi hal yang menarik untuk diperbincangkan. Perkembangan perbankan syari’ah yang cepat disinyalir sebagai pemicu geliat ekonomi syari’ah di Indonesia. Sehingga masyarakat Indonesia dewasa ini telah akrab dengan penerapan Hukum Islam pada beberapa transaksi ekonomi yang mereka lakukan. Sejatinya penerapan Hukum Islam di Indonesia telah terjadi jauh sebelum Belanda menduduki Indonesia. Hadirnya kerjaan-kerajaan Islam yang menggantikan kerajaan Hindu/Budha inilah yang menerapkan dan menjadikan Hukum Islam sebagai Hukum Positif saat itu. Mengawali perkembangan penerapan Hukum Islam khususnya dalam transaksi Ekonomi yakni penerapan Hukum Islam pada perbankan syari’ah. Krisis ekonomi yang terjadi di Indonesia telah membuktikan ketangguhan bank syari’ah yang tetap bertahan dan mempunyai tingkat kesehatan yang baik di tengah kolapsnya bank-bank konvensional yang ada di Indonesia. Hal ini menimbulkan minat masyarakat untuk menggunakan perbankan syari’ah sehingga dalam jangka waktu dua tahun setelah krisis, asset dari perbankan syari’ah naik dua kali lipat. Selain itu posisi perbankan syari’ah menjadi lebih kuat dengan keluarnya fatwa DSN-MUI yang mengukuhkan haram terhadap bunga bank. Saat ini, perbankan syari’ah mengalami perkembangan yang cukup signifikan, marger tiga bank umum syari’ah setidaknya menjadi bukti bahwa Pemerintah pun tidak main-main dalam memberikan dukungan terhadap perkembangan perbankan di Indonesia. Segala hal pembahasan mengenai isu kontemporer perkembangan perbankan syari’ah menjadi pembahasan yang menarik, baik di wilayah akademisi maupun praktisi. Pada tataran akad misalnya, baik akademisi maupun praktisi berusaha untuk mencari solusi agar segala trasaksi yang terjadi di dunia perbankan tidak mengandung unsur gharar, maisir, judi, riba, dan lain-lain. Sehingga titik tekan yang perlu dijadikan pembahasan adalah pada unsur akad. Akad dalam perbankan syari’ah terus dipelajari dan dikembangkan sehingga melahirkan istilah hybrid kontrak atau multi akad yang terus menjadi kajian bagi kaum ekonom syair’ah untuk dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan penerapan akad di perbankan syari’ah. Saat ini perbankan syari’ah kembali diuji ketahannya, utamanya dalam menghadapi wabah covid-19 dan perkembangan era digital yang mengharuskan bank juga melakukan pelayanan secara digital. Tuntutan digitalisasi perbankan saat ini tidak bisa dinafikan. Kebutuhan masyarakat akan kecepatan layanan khususnya bagi mereka yang memiliki gurita bisnis online sangat dibutuhkan. Pada akhirnya, mau tidak mau perbankan syari’ah harus bertransformasi menjadi bank digital. Hal ini tentunya dapat menjadi peluang dan tantangan bisnis bank digital di Indonesia. Urgensi proses transformasi perbankan juga didorong oleh bermunculnya pesaing baru, yaitu perusahaan penyedia jasa keuangan non perbankan atau biasa disebut fintech (Finacial Teknologi). Bisnis fintech mulai menggerus layanan perbankan karena berbagai kemudahan yang ditawarkan tanpa birokrasi yang rumit. Di Indonesia saat ini model bisnis e-commerce telah berkembang, tidak hanya disektor ritel atau pasar untuk produk, tetapi juga berkembang pada layanan transportasi, seperti Go-jek, Uber, Grab, layanan keuangan seperti modalku dan Uang Teman. Layanan keuangan ini merupakan bagian FinTech. Keberadaan dan perkembangan FinTech didukung oelh inovasi teknologi di bidang, cloud computing, learning machines, digital&mobile payment, block chain distributed lodgers dan big data. Di Indonesia layanan FinTech yang saat ini sedang berkembang di bedakan ke dalam beberapa kelompok, yaitu payment sistem, digital banking, online / digital insurance, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Leanding dan Crowdfunding. Berdasarkan data Bank Indonesia, saat ini terdapat 96 perusahaan FinTech yang beroperasi di Indonesia. Salah satu layanan fintech di Indonesia adalah P2P Leanding dan crowdfunding. Keduanya merupakan salah satu instrument investasi yang bisa masyarakat pilih sebagai protofolio investasinya. Dunia investasi juga mengalami perkembangan yang cukup signifikan sejalan dengan perkembangan fintech dan ekonomi syari’ah di Indonesia. Sebut saja saat ini bermunculan instrument investasi salah satunya Investasi di Pasar Modal. Jika dulu pasar modal hanya ada pada tataran regular saja, namun sekarang merambah ke pasar modal syari’ah. Pemerintah dalam hal ini pun memberikan dukungan penuh. Beberapa model investasi dikolaborasikan dengan Lembaga filantropi Islam yang bergerak dibidang Zakat, Infaq, Shodakoh dan Wakaf. Salah satu diantaranya adalah Cash Waqaf Link Sukuk, ini merupakan salah satu peluang dalam industri perwakafan yang ada di Indonesia. Instrumen investasi melalui fintech memang banyak diminati oleh generasi milenial, namun demikian bagi UMKM yang masih kesulitan dalam akses internet misalnya tentunya ini menjadi pekerjaan rumah tersendiri. Bagaimana kemudian Pemerintah terkait mampu mensosialisasikan kemudahan fintech sebagai alternatif pembiayaan bagi UMKM. Terlebih menghadapi masa pandemi, permodalan menjadi permasalahan yang utama bagi pelaku UMKM. Beberapa stimulus juga harus diberikan oleh Pemerintah sebagai pendorong geliat potensi UMKM dalam perkembangan ekonomi pasca pandemi, sehingga kedepannya UMKM dapat menjadi salah satu pendorong ekonomi Negara yang Tangguh.

Hukum Ekonomi Syari’ah atau Hukum Bisnis Syari’ah dewasa ini menjadi hal yang menarik untuk diperbincangkan.

A Matter of Principle

Essays examine the political basis of law, legal interpretation, economic factors in law, reverse discrimination, and censorship

Essays examine the political basis of law, legal interpretation, economic factors in law, reverse discrimination, and censorship

Emerging Conflicts of Principle

International Relations and the Clash Between Cosmopolitanism and Republicanism

Debates over the ethics of war, economic redistribution, resource consumption and the rights and responsibilities associated with membership of a political community are just some of the major conflicts of principle identified and analyzed by Thomas Kane which characterize world politics today.

Debates over the ethics of war, economic redistribution, resource consumption and the rights and responsibilities associated with membership of a political community are just some of the major conflicts of principle identified and analyzed ...

Politics by Principle, Not Interest

Towards Nondiscriminatory Democracy

This book focuses on the effects of applying a generality constraint on the political process.

This book focuses on the effects of applying a generality constraint on the political process.