Al-Qur’an dan hadis merupakan teks verbal yang, dalam perkembangannya, termanifestasikan sebagai kerangka teks literal. Proses “literalisasi” teks verbal Al-Qur’an yang terekam dalam ingatan kolektif para sahabat pun terjadi. Pada masa pemerintahan Utsman bin Affan, proses literalisasi teks-teks verbal Al-Qur’an dilangsungkan secara resmi atas perintah khalifah. Alasan utamanya adalah terbunuhnya sejumlah penghafal Al-Qur’an sehingga dikhawatirkan Al-Qur’an tidak terselamatkan. Di samping alasan tersebut, yang lebih penting adalah memahami kandungan maknanya. Al-Qur’an menjadi teks fundamental yang menempati ruang istimewa di kalangan umat Islam. Sayangnya, Al-Qur’an hanya diperkenalkan sisi keindahan dan keajaibannya, sementara kandungan maknanya hampir dilupakan. Konsekuensi belajar Al-Qur’an yang tidak utuh akan menimbulkan bahaya laten. Memahami Islam tidak cukup hanya menggunakan Al-Qur’an dan hadis, tetapi perlu sumber-sumber lain. Dalam studi ilmu-ilmu syariat, ushul fiqh dikategorikan sebagai metodologi memahami keduanya untuk memproduksi hukum (ilmu fiqh) secara argumentatif. Banyak akademisi yang mempelajari satu demi satu masalah. Namun, jika ia keluar dari masalah itu, maka ia seperti tidak mengetahui apa pun karena tidak memahami ilmu ushul yang menjadi landasan kesimpulan hukum.
This book engages the diverse meanings and interpretations of Islamic and Western law which have affected people and societies across the globe, past and present, in correlation to the epistemological groundings of those meanings and interpretations. The volume takes a distinctively comparative approach, advancing dialogue on crucial transnational and global debates over the history of Western and Islamic approaches to law, politics and society and their relevance for today. It discusses how fundamental concepts are understood and even translated from one historical or political context or one semantic domain to another. The book provides focused studies of key figures and theories in a manageable, accessible format useful for specialized academic courses and research as well as general audiences.
This book engages the diverse meanings and interpretations of Islamic and Western law which have affected people and societies across the globe, past and present, in correlation to the epistemological groundings of those meanings and ...
An Empirical Foundation for a Theory of Personal Victimization
Based on an analysis of data from the U.S. National Crime Study, the authors conclude that the personal characteristics associated with risks of victimization were rather stable across the cities surveyed, although levels of victimization showed considerable variation. For example, younger persons had greater rates of personal victimization than did older persons, males than females, etc. The book discusses the patterns of risk factors associated with criminal victimization, and the correlates of characteristics of criminal incidents.
Deontic logic originated from moral philosophy and the philosophy of law as an attempt to formalise normative and legal reasoning. This book draws on the experience of researchers - working in fields as diverse as Artificial Intelligence, linguistics, computer system specification and law - who have discovered the benefits of deontic logic when applied to solving computer science and AI problems. A useful logic in which to specify normative system behaviour, deontic logic has a broad spectrum of possible applications within the field: from legal expert systems to natural language processing, database integrity to electronic contracting and the specification of fault-tolerant software. This book provides a unique and timely assessment of the practical value of deontic logic for computer scientists in AI and law and, more particularly, in such areas as distributed AI and intelligent cooperative information systems.
In The First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law , pages 240-251 . ACM , May 1987 . R.M. Chisholm . ... In C. Walter , editor , Computer Power and Legal reasoning , pages 467-493 . West Publishing Co. , 1985 .
Legal Reasoning has challenged both logicians and philosophers in the task of representing legal knowledge and modeling the decision-making process in the Law. Despite state-of-the-art of current theories, some questions still arise, as to whether legal reasoning can actually be captured in all its characteristics by a logical formalism that is both complete and sound, and whether legal reasoning is computable. Towards solving these questions, the author presents a logical translation of legal argumentation based on ranking function semantics and also introduces a mathematical environment to allow for its implementation. This book is an interdisciplinary study in Civil Procedural Law, Constitutional Law, and Artificial Intelligence, and is a revised version of the author's original thesis. The author serves as a Justice of the Espirito Santo State Supreme Court and is a Law Professor. He holds SJD and LLM degrees from the University of São Paulo and Master's Degree in Computer Science from the Federal University of Espírito Santo.
This book is an interdisciplinary study in Civil Procedural Law, Constitutional Law, and Artificial Intelligence, and is a revised version of the author's original thesis.
Kehadiran Buku Pengantar Ekonomi Islam ini disusun oleh para akademisi dan praktisi dalam bentuk buku kolaborasi. Walaupun masih jauh dari kesempurnaan, tetapi kami mengharapkan buku ini dapat menjadi referensi atau bahan bacaan dalam menambah khasanah keilmuan khususnya mengenai Pengantar Ekonomi Islam. Sistematika penulisan buku ini diuraikan dalam sebelas bab yang memuat tentang Konsep Dasar Ekonomi Islam, Landasan Hukum Ekonomi Islam, Sejarah Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam, Konsep Harta dalam Ekonomi Islam, Jenis Akad dalam Ekonomi Islam, Konsep Uang dalam Ekonomi Islam, Distribusi dalam Ekonomi Islam, Produksi dalam Ekonomi Islam, Konsumsi dalam Ekonomi Islam, Mekanisme Pasar dalam Ekonomi Islam dan bab terakhir yaitu Sumber Daya Insani dalam Ekonomi Islam.
