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Extending Deontic Logic for the Formalisation of Legal Rules

This book is an adaptation of my PhD thesis Representing L3gVI Rules in Deontic Logic [Royakkers, 1996]. The main alterations are: • The addition of chapter 2 concerning the semantics of deontic logic based on valua tions. In this chapter I extend the Beth tableau method, which is originally developed for the propositional calculus, to also be applicable for deontic logic. For those who are not familiar with deontic logic or with the axiomatic deduction, this method is a useful tool to check whether a formula is valid or not. • The addition of the notion of commitment in chapter 5, and the notion of weak and strong permission in chapter 7. • The omission of the chapter concerning defeasible deontic logic, of which a revised version is published in [Nute, 1997]. • Chapter 6 has been revised rather thoroughly. Here I introduce the logic of enact ment based on epistemic logic and local reasoning to express normative inconsis tencies in a consistent way. I wish to thank John-Jules Meyer, Giovanni Sartor and Marek Sergot for their suggestions and criticisms of my PhD thesis, which have improved this book. Heleen Neggers and Jan Draisma deserve credit for the layout. Special thanks go to Frank Dignum for his continuous support and inspiring sugges tions. v Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Logic and law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 1 . . . 1.2 Conflicting speed limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 3 . .

This book describes extensions of deontic logic.

Extending Deontic Logic for the Formalisation of Legal Rules

This book describes extensions of deontic logic. Deontic logic is a branch of philosophical logic involving reasoning with norms, obligations, prohibitions and permissions. The extensions concern the logical structure of legal rules and legal reasoning. Their function is to improve the representation of legal knowledge and enhance deontic logic through increased expressibility. The resulting formulas acquire new meanings, not expressible in standard deontic logic, which are subject to fresh interpretations. The author offers an extensive analysis of the representation of actors, to whom the norms are directed, and authorities who enact the norms. Moreover, a distinction is made between enactment and applicability. A modality of enactment can be used to express inconsistent enacted norms in a consistent way. An authority-hierarchy is introduced to filter out the applicable norms from the set of enacted norms. Some related philosophical questions will be discussed regarding the applications of formalisms that are intrinsic to practical science with respect to `consistency' and `universality'. The formalisms and applications considered here are relevant for law, philosophy and computer science, with a special focus on the improvement of legal expert systems and intelligent support for legal professionals.

This book describes extensions of deontic logic.

How Judges Reason

The Logic of Adjudication

Legal rules ought to work themselves out, with unique or difficult cases becoming fewer, and the inconsistencies in the system disappearing as they are confronted. Instead, legal doctrine and the role of judges has become more difficult and often more controversial. This book offers a general explanation why, and in so doing, analyzes how individuals reason when they behave as judges. Drawing on ideas from philosophical logic, game theory, philosophy of mind, truth theory, and jurisprudence, the author develops a theory of judicial pluralism which suggests that judicial truth is individually objective but societally personal, pluralistic and idiosyncratic.

Instead, legal doctrine and the role of judges has become more difficult and often more controversial. This book offers a general explanation why, and in so doing, analyzes how individuals reason when they behave as judges.

Legal Logic: A Guide for Paralegals and Law Students

The substance of this book is derived from lectures presented to working paralegals as the first in a series of "foundation courses" intended to supplement their prior education and experience and to enhance their capacity to more competently handle tasks normally handled by lawyers. The course, and this book, is a condensed version of a full semester course in Aristotelian logic, tailored to the needs of people engaged in the analysis of legal issues, either as employee or as student. There are several primary objectives. the first is not to create logicians, but to foster the students' awareness of their own reasoning processes by discussing the importance of words, their definitions, uses and relationships, and to provide tools for testing whether conclusions are valid or invalid using formal (logical) analysis. The second broader objective is to provide a foundation for further study and use of the principles of effective communication and interpretation of communication. Another more specific objective is to show the use of the tools of logic in a legal context, particularly the formal analysis of case law. About the author: The author has practiced law since 1967. During his tenure as Counsel with a major financial services corporation, he was responsible for its law department's paralegals and paralegal development program. Those duties led him to develop the three foundation courses that are now available in book and digital form: Legal Logic, Legal Promise, and Legal Method.

The substance of this book is derived from lectures presented to working paralegals as the first in a series of "foundation courses" intended to supplement their prior education and experience and to enhance their capacity to more ...

The Logic of Autonomy

Law, Morality and Autonomous Reasoning

Autonomy is the central idea of modern practical philosophy. Understood as self-legislation, autonomy seems to require that the validity of norms depends on recognition, namely, that their addressees, being autonomous agents, recognise these norms to be valid. But how can one be bound by norms whose validity depends on their being recognised as valid by their addressees? The questions of how autonomous morality and, on this basis, the authoritative character of law can be understood, present persistent puzzles that have been widely discussed, but still await a satisfactory solution. This book presents an analysis of the idea of autonomy as self-legislation and its consequences for law and morality. It links the idea of autonomy with the idea of the balancing of normative arguments, develops a notion of normative arguments as distinct from normative judgements and statements and explains claims to correctness and objectivity that are found in normative discourse. Thus, a 'logic of autonomy' emerges, and it is pervasive in normative reasoning. It connects theses regarding the logic of norms, the structure of balancing, human and fundamental rights, legal validity, legal interpretation, and the relations among legal systems, offering a theory of central elements of normative argumentation, a theory that is undergirded by the mutual relations that exist between and among its parts as well as through the relations that it bears to other theories. Moreover, it offers an alternative to Kantian notions of autonomy and provides solutions to problems that other theories have failed to master.

This book presents an analysis of the idea of autonomy as self-legislation and its consequences for law and morality.

KOMPILASI HUKUM EKONOMI SYARIAH

Sebagaimana telah diketahui bersama bahwa saat ini perkembangan ekonomi Islam atau ekonomi syariah mengalami kemajuan yang sangat pesat, baik di Indonesia maupun di dunia internasional. Hal ini ditandai dengan menjamurnya lembaga keuangan yang banyak bermunculan, kampus-kampus Myang membuka jurusan ekonomi Islam (baik di negara muslim maupun non-muslim), muculnya lembaga penelitian tentang ekonomi Islam, banyaknya asosiasi baik di bidang akademik maupun bisnis dalam bidang ekonomi Islam, dan lain sebagainya.

Sebagaimana telah diketahui bersama bahwa saat ini perkembangan ekonomi Islam atau ekonomi syariah mengalami kemajuan yang sangat pesat, baik di Indonesia maupun di dunia internasional.

Desain Kesejahteraan Umat dalam Sistem Hukum Ekonomi Syariah

Buku ini merupakan buku pertama dari hasil konsorsium yang telah diselenggarakan oleh Fakultas Syariah IAIN Kudus sepanjang tahun 2021. Buku ini berfokus pada bidang hukum ekonomi syariah sehingga buku ini diberi judul Desain Kesejahteraan Umat Dalam Sistem Hukum Ekonomi Syariah. Keunggulan buku ini terletak pada kumpulan artikel yang dimuat merupakan hasil konsorsium dengan tema yang beragam. Adapun tema-tema tersebut diantaranya berhubungan dengan penegakkan hukum ekonomi syariah, pinjaman tanpa agunan sebagai program pemerintah, menejemen resiko, kajian fiqh dalam muamalah, Cryptocurrency dan lain sebagainya. Buku ini diperuntukkan secara luas agar dapat dibaca oleh khalayak umum.

Buku ini berfokus pada bidang hukum ekonomi syariah sehingga buku ini diberi judul Desain Kesejahteraan Umat Dalam Sistem Hukum Ekonomi Syariah.

Hukum Ekonomi Syariah

Hukum Ekonomi Syari’ah atau Hukum Bisnis Syari’ah dewasa ini menjadi hal yang menarik untuk diperbincangkan. Perkembangan perbankan syari’ah yang cepat disinyalir sebagai pemicu geliat ekonomi syari’ah di Indonesia. Sehingga masyarakat Indonesia dewasa ini telah akrab dengan penerapan Hukum Islam pada beberapa transaksi ekonomi yang mereka lakukan. Sejatinya penerapan Hukum Islam di Indonesia telah terjadi jauh sebelum Belanda menduduki Indonesia. Hadirnya kerjaan-kerajaan Islam yang menggantikan kerajaan Hindu/Budha inilah yang menerapkan dan menjadikan Hukum Islam sebagai Hukum Positif saat itu. Mengawali perkembangan penerapan Hukum Islam khususnya dalam transaksi Ekonomi yakni penerapan Hukum Islam pada perbankan syari’ah. Krisis ekonomi yang terjadi di Indonesia telah membuktikan ketangguhan bank syari’ah yang tetap bertahan dan mempunyai tingkat kesehatan yang baik di tengah kolapsnya bank-bank konvensional yang ada di Indonesia. Hal ini menimbulkan minat masyarakat untuk menggunakan perbankan syari’ah sehingga dalam jangka waktu dua tahun setelah krisis, asset dari perbankan syari’ah naik dua kali lipat. Selain itu posisi perbankan syari’ah menjadi lebih kuat dengan keluarnya fatwa DSN-MUI yang mengukuhkan haram terhadap bunga bank. Saat ini, perbankan syari’ah mengalami perkembangan yang cukup signifikan, marger tiga bank umum syari’ah setidaknya menjadi bukti bahwa Pemerintah pun tidak main-main dalam memberikan dukungan terhadap perkembangan perbankan di Indonesia. Segala hal pembahasan mengenai isu kontemporer perkembangan perbankan syari’ah menjadi pembahasan yang menarik, baik di wilayah akademisi maupun praktisi. Pada tataran akad misalnya, baik akademisi maupun praktisi berusaha untuk mencari solusi agar segala trasaksi yang terjadi di dunia perbankan tidak mengandung unsur gharar, maisir, judi, riba, dan lain-lain. Sehingga titik tekan yang perlu dijadikan pembahasan adalah pada unsur akad. Akad dalam perbankan syari’ah terus dipelajari dan dikembangkan sehingga melahirkan istilah hybrid kontrak atau multi akad yang terus menjadi kajian bagi kaum ekonom syair’ah untuk dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan penerapan akad di perbankan syari’ah. Saat ini perbankan syari’ah kembali diuji ketahannya, utamanya dalam menghadapi wabah covid-19 dan perkembangan era digital yang mengharuskan bank juga melakukan pelayanan secara digital. Tuntutan digitalisasi perbankan saat ini tidak bisa dinafikan. Kebutuhan masyarakat akan kecepatan layanan khususnya bagi mereka yang memiliki gurita bisnis online sangat dibutuhkan. Pada akhirnya, mau tidak mau perbankan syari’ah harus bertransformasi menjadi bank digital. Hal ini tentunya dapat menjadi peluang dan tantangan bisnis bank digital di Indonesia. Urgensi proses transformasi perbankan juga didorong oleh bermunculnya pesaing baru, yaitu perusahaan penyedia jasa keuangan non perbankan atau biasa disebut fintech (Finacial Teknologi). Bisnis fintech mulai menggerus layanan perbankan karena berbagai kemudahan yang ditawarkan tanpa birokrasi yang rumit. Di Indonesia saat ini model bisnis e-commerce telah berkembang, tidak hanya disektor ritel atau pasar untuk produk, tetapi juga berkembang pada layanan transportasi, seperti Go-jek, Uber, Grab, layanan keuangan seperti modalku dan Uang Teman. Layanan keuangan ini merupakan bagian FinTech. Keberadaan dan perkembangan FinTech didukung oelh inovasi teknologi di bidang, cloud computing, learning machines, digital&mobile payment, block chain distributed lodgers dan big data. Di Indonesia layanan FinTech yang saat ini sedang berkembang di bedakan ke dalam beberapa kelompok, yaitu payment sistem, digital banking, online / digital insurance, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Leanding dan Crowdfunding. Berdasarkan data Bank Indonesia, saat ini terdapat 96 perusahaan FinTech yang beroperasi di Indonesia. Salah satu layanan fintech di Indonesia adalah P2P Leanding dan crowdfunding. Keduanya merupakan salah satu instrument investasi yang bisa masyarakat pilih sebagai protofolio investasinya. Dunia investasi juga mengalami perkembangan yang cukup signifikan sejalan dengan perkembangan fintech dan ekonomi syari’ah di Indonesia. Sebut saja saat ini bermunculan instrument investasi salah satunya Investasi di Pasar Modal. Jika dulu pasar modal hanya ada pada tataran regular saja, namun sekarang merambah ke pasar modal syari’ah. Pemerintah dalam hal ini pun memberikan dukungan penuh. Beberapa model investasi dikolaborasikan dengan Lembaga filantropi Islam yang bergerak dibidang Zakat, Infaq, Shodakoh dan Wakaf. Salah satu diantaranya adalah Cash Waqaf Link Sukuk, ini merupakan salah satu peluang dalam industri perwakafan yang ada di Indonesia. Instrumen investasi melalui fintech memang banyak diminati oleh generasi milenial, namun demikian bagi UMKM yang masih kesulitan dalam akses internet misalnya tentunya ini menjadi pekerjaan rumah tersendiri. Bagaimana kemudian Pemerintah terkait mampu mensosialisasikan kemudahan fintech sebagai alternatif pembiayaan bagi UMKM. Terlebih menghadapi masa pandemi, permodalan menjadi permasalahan yang utama bagi pelaku UMKM. Beberapa stimulus juga harus diberikan oleh Pemerintah sebagai pendorong geliat potensi UMKM dalam perkembangan ekonomi pasca pandemi, sehingga kedepannya UMKM dapat menjadi salah satu pendorong ekonomi Negara yang Tangguh.

Hukum Ekonomi Syari’ah atau Hukum Bisnis Syari’ah dewasa ini menjadi hal yang menarik untuk diperbincangkan.

Transparency and Accountability in Science and Politics

The Awareness Principle

The author challenges the role of scientists and expertise in policy-making, as well as the idea of deliberative democracy. The integrity of science, politics and journalism is dissolving, the author argues. Market conditions are in play and, as a result, we have a market democracy. The book presents evidence of this concept in areas such as biotechnology, nanotechnologies, radioactive waste management, and global warming. Furthermore, branches of journalism are explored and found not to meet reasonable demands for transparency. The idea of public participation in decision-making, having been launched as a way to restore trust, has become just another area in the market where different processes of participation are being launched and promoted. As an alternative, the author proposes an awareness principle as an integral part of the representative political system.--adapted from jacket.

Market conditions are in play and, as a result, we have a market democracy. The book presents evidence of this concept in areas such as biotechnology, nanotechnologies, radioactive waste management, and global warming.