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The Long Divergence

How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East

How religious barriers stalled capitalism in the Middle East In the year 1000, the economy of the Middle East was at least as advanced as that of Europe. But by 1800, the region had fallen dramatically behind—in living standards, technology, and economic institutions. In short, the Middle East had failed to modernize economically as the West surged ahead. What caused this long divergence? And why does the Middle East remain drastically underdeveloped compared to the West? In The Long Divergence, one of the world's leading experts on Islamic economic institutions and the economy of the Middle East provides a new answer to these long-debated questions. Timur Kuran argues that what slowed the economic development of the Middle East was not colonialism or geography, still less Muslim attitudes or some incompatibility between Islam and capitalism. Rather, starting around the tenth century, Islamic legal institutions, which had benefitted the Middle Eastern economy in the early centuries of Islam, began to act as a drag on development by slowing or blocking the emergence of central features of modern economic life—including private capital accumulation, corporations, large-scale production, and impersonal exchange. By the nineteenth century, modern economic institutions began to be transplanted to the Middle East, but its economy has not caught up. And there is no quick fix today. Low trust, rampant corruption, and weak civil societies—all characteristic of the region's economies today and all legacies of its economic history—will take generations to overcome. The Long Divergence opens up a frank and honest debate on a crucial issue that even some of the most ardent secularists in the Muslim world have hesitated to discuss.

The Long Divergence opens up a frank and honest debate on a crucial issue that even some of the most ardent secularists in the Muslim world have hesitated to discuss.

Towards International Islamic Human Rights

A Comparative Study of Islamic Law, Shari'ah, with Universal Human Rights as Defined in the International Bill of Human Rights

Islamic law, also known as Shari'ah law, is one of the most complex and multifaceted, yet easily misunderstood areas of law.

Cruel and Usual Punishment

The Terrifying Global Implications of Islamic Law

Nonie Darwish lived for thirty years in a majority Muslim nation. Everything about her life?family, sexuality, hygiene, business, banking, contracts, economics, politics, social issues, everything?was dictated by the Islamic law code known as Sharia. But Sharia isn't staying in majority Muslim nations. Darwish now lives in the West and brings a warning; the goal of radical Islam is to bring Sharia law to your country. If that happens, the fabric of Western law and liberty will be ripped in two. Under Sharia law: A woman can be beaten for talking to men who are not her relatives and flogged for not wearing a headdress Daughters, sisters, and wives can be legally killed by the men in their family Non-Muslims can be beheaded, and their Muslim killers will not receive the death penalty Certain kinds of child molestation are allowed The husband of a "rebellious" wife can deny her medical care or place her under house arrest Think it can't happen? In 2008, England?once the seat of Western liberty and now the home of many Muslim immigrants?declared that Sharia courts in Britain have the force of law. When Muslim populations reach as little as 1 or 2 percent, says Darwish, they begin making demands of the larger community, such as foot-level faucets for washing before praying in public schools, businesses, and airports. "Airports in Kansas City, Phoenix, and Indianapolis are among those who have already installed foot baths for Muslim cab drivers," writes Darwish. These demands test how far Westerners will go in accommodating the Muslim minority. How far will they push? The Organization of the Islamic Conference works to Islamize international human rights laws and apply Sharia "standards" for blasphemy to all nations. The penalty for blasphemy? Death. Weaving personal experience together with extensive documentation and research, Darwish exposes the facts and reveals the global threat posed by Sharia law. Anyone concerned about Western rights and liberties ignores her warning and analysis at their peril.

How far will they push? The Organization of the Islamic Conference works to Islamize international human rights laws and apply Sharia "standards" for blasphemy to all nations. The penalty for blasphemy? Death.

Human Rights and Islam

An Introduction to Key Debates between Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law

Is there a basis for human rights in Islam? Beginning with an exploration of what rights are and how the human rights discourse developed, Abdullah Saeed explores the resources that exist within Islamic tradition. He looks at those that are compatible with international human rights law and can be garnered to promote and protect human rights in Muslim-majority states. A number of rights are given specific focus, including the rights of women and children, freedom of expression and religion, as well as jihad and the laws of war. Human Rights and Islam emphasises the need for Muslims to rethink problematic areas of Islamic thought that are difficult to reconcile with contemporary conceptions of human rights.

Human Rights and Islam emphasises the need for Muslims to rethink problematic areas of Islamic thought that are difficult to reconcile with contemporary conceptions of human rights.

Political Economy of Islam

A Blend of Traditional Islamic Laws and Modern Political Economy

Political economy of Islam is the study of an Islamic government's internal and external political functions to establish an economic order in conformity with Islamic tenets aimed at improving the economic welfare of an Islamic country. This goal has been in conflict with the U.S. economic interests in the oil producing Islamic countries. Within the context of his academic analysis of this subject, the author makes an assessment of critical political games played by the U.S. and Islamists. With clarity, Seid Zekavat delineates the U.S. predicament and cautions both sides that militant terrorism severely damages Islam and the U.S. practice of military invasions and change of governments are bound to fail in bringing long-term solutions to Islamic resurgent issues.

Political economy of Islam is the study of an Islamic government's internal and external political functions to establish an economic order in conformity with Islamic tenets aimed at improving the economic welfare of an Islamic country.

Political Economy of Islam

A Blend of Traditional Islamic Laws and Modern Political Economy

Political economy of Islam is the study of an Islamic government's internal and external political functions to establish an economic order in conformity with Islamic tenets aimed at improving the economic welfare of an Islamic country. This goal has been in conflict with the U.S. economic interests in the oil producing Islamic countries. Within the context of his academic analysis of this subject, the author makes an assessment of critical political games played by the U.S. and Islamists. With clarity, Seid Zekavat delineates the U.S. predicament and cautions both sides that militant terrorism severely damages Islam and the U.S. practice of military invasions and change of governments are bound to fail in bringing long-term solutions to Islamic resurgent issues.

Political economy of Islam is the study of an Islamic government's internal and external political functions to establish an economic order in conformity with Islamic tenets aimed at improving the economic welfare of an Islamic country.

Sharia and the Making of the Modern Egyptian

Islamic Law and Custom in the Courts of Ottoman Cairo

In this book, the author examines sijills, the official documents of the Ottoman Islamic courts, to understand how sharia law, society and the early-modern economy of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Ottoman Cairo related to the practice of custom in determining rulings. In the sixteenth century, a new legal and cultural orthodoxy fostered the development of an early-modern Islam that broke new ground, giving rise to a new concept of the citizen and his role. Contrary to the prevailing scholarly view, this work adopts the position that local custom began to diminish and decline as a source of authority. These issues resonate today, several centuries later, in the continuing discussions of individual rights in relation to Islamic law.

68 See: O. Kane, “Izala: The Rise of Muslim Reformism in Northern Nigeria,” in Accounting for Fundamentalisms, ed. M.E. Marty and R.S. Appleby (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 490–512; and G.H. Singleton, ...

Shariʿa, Justice and Legal Order

Egyptian and Islamic Law: Selected Essays

Shariʿa, Justice and Legal Order: Egyptian and Islamic Law: Selected Essays by Rudolph Peters is about legal practice, both Shariʿa and state law. Its principal themes are legal order and the actual application of law in the Ottoman and more recent periods

Shariʿa, Justice and Legal Order: Egyptian and Islamic Law: Selected Essays by Rudolph Peters is about legal practice, both Shariʿa and state law.

ISLAMIC LAW AND GOVERNANCE

THEORY AND PRACTICE : DISPELLING MISUNDERSTANDING AND MISAPPLICATION OF ISLAMIC LAW AND ITS SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE

Many in the West think that they know about Islamic law and its system of governance. But they are victims of the illusion of knowledge. They receive false knowledge from Islamophobics who refuse to acquire or acknowledge true knowledge. Misapplication of Islamic law and its system of governance in many Muslim majority states re-enforces this false knowledge. Misunderstanding must be illuminated with knowledge. Islamic law and its system of governance misapplication must be clarified. This is the goal of the book. Because this book utilizes only the most authentic sources of Sunni Islam to defeat ignorance, it poses a great challenge to the Islamophobia's demagogue. This book uproots years of Islamophobic work seeking to spread ignorance and hatred of Islam. To be sure, this book is neither an apology, propaganda, nor a work of advocacy. It aims only to illustrate what Sunni Muslims believe of Islamic law and its Ideal system of governance. Neither wrong practices of Islamic law and its system of governance nor the smokescreen of Islamophobia should control our understanding of the subject matter. A simple analogy may clarify the issue at hand. A distinction ought to be made between the car and the driver. A distinction must be made between Islamic law and its system of governance on one hand and the common misunderstandings and misrepresentation by Muslim majority States.

This is the goal of the book. Because this book utilizes only the most authentic sources of Sunni Islam to defeat ignorance, it poses a great challenge to the Islamophobia's demagogue.