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Objects of Worship in South Asian Religions

Forms, Practices and Meanings

Objects of worship are an aspect of the material dimension of lived religion in South Asia. The omnipresence of these objects and their use is a theme which cuts across the religious traditions in the pluralistic religious culture of the region. Divine power becomes manifest in the objects and for the devotees they may represent power regardless of religious identity. This book looks at how objects of worship dominate the religious landscape of South Asia, and in what ways they are of significance not just from religious perspectives but also for the social life of the region. The contributions to the book show how these objects are shaped by traditions of religious aesthetics and have become conceptual devices woven into webs of religious and social meaning. They demonstrate how the objects have a social relationship with those who use them, sometimes even treated as being alive. The book discusses how devotees relate to such objects in a number of ways, and even if the objects belong to various traditions they may attract people from different communities and can also be contested in various ways. By analysing the specific qualities that make objects eligible for a status and identity as living objects of worship, the book contributes to an understanding of the central significance of these objects in the religious and social life of South Asia. It will be of interest to students and scholars of Religious Studies and South Asian Religion, Culture and Society.

This book looks at how objects of worship dominate the religious landscape of South Asia, and in what ways they are of significance not just from religious perspectives but also for the social life of the region.

Daoist Ritual, State Religion, and Popular Practices

Zhenwu Worship from Song to Ming (960-1644)

Zhenwu, or the Perfected Warrior, is one of the few Chinese Deities that can rightfully claim a countrywide devotion. Religious specialists, lay devotees, the state machine, and the cultural industry all participated, both collaboratively and competitively, in the evolution of this devotional movement. This book centres on the development and transformation of the godhead of Zhenwu, as well as the devotional movement focused on him. Organised chronologically on the development of the Zhenwu worship in Daoist rituals, state religion, and popular practices, it looks at the changes in the way Zhenwu was perceived, and the historical context in which those changes took place. The author investigates the complicated means by which various social and political groups contested with each other in appropriating cultural-religious symbols. The question at the core of the book is how, in a given historical context, human agents and social institutions shape the religious world to which they profess devotion. The work offers a holistic approach to religion in a period of Chinese history when central, local, official, clerical and popular power are constantly negotiating and reshaping established values.

This book centres on the development and transformation of the godhead of Zhenwu, as well as the devotional movement focused on him.

Ideal Islamic Economy

An Introduction

This book provides an introduction to the vision of an economic system based completely on the Holy Qur’an—a system defined as a collection of institutions, representing rules of behavior, prescribed by Allah for humans, and the traditions of the Messenger. The authors argue that the main reason for the economic underperformance of Muslim countries and their economies has been non-compliance with the prescribed rules of behavior. Rule non-compliance has been chiefly due to the failure of Muslims to comprehend the Metaframework of the Qur’an and the Archetype Model of the Prophet Mohammad and interpret them in ways compatible with their own generation and time. Askari and Mirakhor believe these rules (institutions), properly adapted to prevailing conditions present what they consider as an ideal economic system.

This book provides an introduction to the vision of an economic system based completely on the Holy Qur’an—a system defined as a collection of institutions, representing rules of behavior, prescribed by Allah for humans, and the ...

North and South in the World Political Economy

A broad yet distinctive analysis of the growing political, economic, and social gap existing between the world’s northern and southern hemispheres. Featuring papers selected by the ISA President from the 2006 annual meeting, this upper-level volume examines the genesis of the North-South divide, the ongoing policy problems between developed and lesser developed states, and how these issues influence current and future world politics. An upper-level text ideal for academic libraries, think tanks, and libraries of policy institutions Organized into three distinct focus clusters: Problems afflicting the global South -- trade, development, financial crises, structural adjustment, democratization, human rights, disease; Specific conflicts between North and South -- energy, terrorism, weak states, nuclear weapon proliferation; Solutions to reduce the North-South gap -- foreign aid programs, global media, democratization, political power in the United Nations, the emerging powers phenomenon, transnational social movements, and Northern foreign policy adjustments Tackles the tough questions likely to dominate international relations discourse for decades to come

This path-breaking volume is one of the first dedicated exclusively to the problems of the North-South divide.

Veiled Employment

Islamism and the Political Economy of Women’s Employment in Iran

The popularity of neoliberal economic policies is based, in part, on the argument that the liberalization of markets promotes growth and increases employment opportunities for women. Although the latest research bears this out, it also presents a grim portrait of the state of women’s employment. Approximately 70 percent of those living on less than a dollar a day are women or girls. In Veiled Employment, the contributors examine these stark disparities, focusing on the evolving role of women’s employment in Iran. Based on empirical field research in Iran, their essays document the accelerating trend in the size and diversity of women’s employment since the 1990s and explore the impact of various governmental policies on women. The volume analyzes such issues as the effect of global trade on female employment, women’s contributions to the informal work sector, and Iranian female migrant workers in the United States. Rejecting the commonly held view that centers on Islam as the primary cause of women’s status in the Muslim world, the authors emphasize the role of national and international political economies. Drawing on postcolonial feminist theory, they reveal the ways in which women in Iran have resisted and challenged Islamism, revealing them as agents of social transformation rather than as victims of religious fundamentalism.

The volume analyzes such issues as the effect of global trade on female employment, women’s contributions to the informal work sector, and Iranian female migrant workers in the United States.

State, Society and Economy in Saudi Arabia (RLE Saudi Arabia)

Saudi Arabia is one of the most important countries in the modern world. Not only does it possess some 25 per cent of the world’s proven oil reserves, it also plays a crucial role in the wider Gulf region where over 50 per cent of proven reserves are located. Developments in Saudi Arabia will inevitably affect the economic well-being of the Western industrialised world, Japan and much of the Third World. At the same time, Saudi Arabia is ruled in a traditional way by an all-powerful king and royal family, and is one of the key countries of Islam, the Holy City of Mecca being within the country’s boundaries. The inroad of modern Western forces into this traditional Islamic society is underlined by the fact that may key posts are filled with imported Western workers. This book, first published in 1982, containing contributions by the world’s leading Middle Eastern experts, provides a comprehensive overview of important social, political and economic developments in Saudi Arabia. The opening chapters consider the formation of the Saudi State, and the bulk of the book surveys key themes such as political opposition, the oil industry, energy policy, banking, external relations and the future direction of development.

This book, first published in 1982, containing contributions by the world’s leading Middle Eastern experts, provides a comprehensive overview of important social, political and economic developments in Saudi Arabia.

An Introduction to the Modern Middle East

History, Religion, Political Economy, Politics

Combining elements of comparative politics with a country-by-country analysis, author David S. Sorenson provides a complete and accessible introduction to the modern Middle East. With an emphasis on the politics of the region, the text also dedicates chapters specifically to the history, religions, and economies of countries in the Persian (Arabian) Gulf, the Eastern Mediterranean, and North Africa. In each country chapter, a brief political history is followed by discussions of democratization, religious politics, women's issues, civil society, economic development, privatization, and foreign relations. In this updated and revised second edition, An Introduction to the Modern Middle East includes new material on the Arab Spring, the changes in Turkish politics, the Iranian nuclear issues, and the latest efforts to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian dilemma. Introductory chapters provide an important thematic overview for each of the book's individual country chapters and short vignettes throughout the book offer readers a chance for personal reflection.

Introductory chapters provide an important thematic overview for each of the book's individual country chapters and short vignettes throughout the book offer readers a chance for personal reflection.

Understanding the Political Economy of the Arab Uprisings

For the millions of citizens in the Arab World who came together in 2010–2011 to discover their common yearning for dignity and liberty, the real revolutions only began after the wave of protests. Understanding the Political Economy of the Arab Uprisings reassess the interests, potential and constraints of various socio-political players and their importance in the building of a constructive environment for democratic progress in the Middle East. Initiated by the Cairo-based Economic Research Forum and edited by Ishac Diwan, this invaluable volume features contributions by Middle East academics across the world. They examine the reasons behind the uprisings, how democratic transitions transpire, the role of Arab capitalism in the crises, and how the experiences of other countries such as Indonesia, Turkey and Iran, can forecast where these uprisings may lead the Middle East in the years to come. Contents:PrefaceIntroductionThe Genesis of the Uprisings:The Political Economy of Arab Presidents for Life — and After (Roger Owen)Understanding Revolution in the Middle East: The Central Role of the Middle Class (Ishac Diwan)The Making of the Tunisian Revolution (Fadhel Kaboub)A Transition to Democracy?:On the Determinants of Democratic Transitions (Caroline Freund and Melise Jaud)Islamists in Power? Inclusion, Moderation, and the Arab Uprisings (Jillian Schwedler)Arab Capitalism in Crisis:Detecting Corruption and Evaluating Programs to Control It: Some Lessons for MENA (Jeffrey B Nugent)Enhancing Competition in a Post-Revolutionary Arab Context: Does the Turkish Experience Provide Any Lessons? (Izak Atiyas)Lessons from Elsewhere:Political and Economic Developments in Turkey and The Transformation of Political Islam (1950–2010) (Hasan Ersel)Social Order, Rents, and Economic Development in Iran Since the Early 20th Century (Hadi S Esfahani & Esra Ç Gürakar)What Happened in the Early Years of Democracy: Indonesia's Experience (Akhmad R Shidiq and Philips J Vermonte) Readership: Graduate and research students, political scientists, economists, social scientists who specialize in the political economy of the Middle East and current affairs in the MENA Region. Key Features:Written by distinguished Middle East scholars from around the worldTimely topic with the aftermath of Arab revolutions still unfoldingGoes beyond the political perspective of the uprisings (which is what many books tend to focus on), and provides analyses on socio-economic and political-economic aspects of eventsKeywords:Political Economy;Democracy;Transitions;MENA;Arab Spring;Tunisia;Egypt;Libya;Turkey;Yemen;Indonesia;Revolutions;Political Islam;The Middle East;Islamists;Corruption;Competition;Iran;Social Order;Rents;Economic DevelopmentReviews: “How are we to understand the origins and consequences of the momentous changes which have rocked the Middle East in the past four years? This book brings together some of the most insightful scholars of the region to begin to distill some of the lessons from this experience. It takes on board the extent of the variation and the rich historical legacies. An important and fascinating work.” James A Robinson David Florence Professor of Government Harvard University “This is an important book for those are interested in the Arab region and recent ground-breaking events. Ishac Diwan and his colleagues have made a great contribution by providing deep and thought-provoking perspectives on the causes and implications of the so-called Arab Spring.” Mustapha Kamel Nabli Former Governor, Central Bank of Tunisia “… efforts to understand why the uprisings took place, and what effects they have had so far, are of the greatest importance … The contributors to this volume are to be congratulated for the many skillful ways they use a Political Economy approach to provide trenchant evidence …” Roger Owen A J Meyer Professor Emeritus of Middle East History Harvard University “This volume makes a valuable contribution to the growing literature on the Arab uprisings.” Middle East Media and Book Reviews Online “It includes the most commentary on the structural factors behind the uprisings, and a credible hypothesis emerges from some of its essays: in recent decades, neoliberal reforms enacted by Arab states combined with corrupt privatization schemes and crony capitalism to undermine the economic base of the middle class to ally with the lower-middle class and the poor.” Foreign Affairs

Initiated by the Cairo-based Economic Research Forum and edited by Ishac Diwan, this invaluable volume features contributions by Middle East academics across the world.

Islam and Development

Exploring the Invisible Aid Economy

The study of Islam since the advent of 9/11 has made a significant resurgence. However, much of the work produced since then has tended to focus on the movements that not only provide aid to their fellow Muslims, but also have political and at times violent agendas. This tendency has led to a dearth of research on the wider Muslim aid and development scene. Focusing on the role and impact of Islam and Islamic Faith Based Organisations (FBOs), an arena that has come to be regarded by some as the 'invisible aid economy', Islam and Development considers Islamic theology and its application to development and how Islamic teaching is actualized in case studies of Muslim FBOs. It brings together contributions from the disciplines of theology, sociology, politics and economics, aiming both to raise awareness and to function as a corrective step within the development studies literature.

However, much of the work produced since then has tended to focus on the movements that not only provide aid to their fellow Muslims, but also have political and at times violent agendas.

Manajemen Pemasaran

Manajemen pemasaran adalah sebuah rangkaian proses analisis, perencanaan, pelaksanaan, serta pengawasan dan pengendalian suatu kegiatan pemasaran dimana tujuannya adalah untuk mencapai target perusahaan secara efektif dan efisien. Juga dapat diartikan sebagai alat untuk analisis, perencanaan, penerapan serta pengendalian suatu program dalam perusahaan yang sudah dirancang untuk menciptakan, membangun dan juga mempertahankan pertukaran agar bisa memberikan keuntungan.

Manajemen pemasaran adalah sebuah rangkaian proses analisis, perencanaan, pelaksanaan, serta pengawasan dan pengendalian suatu kegiatan pemasaran dimana tujuannya adalah untuk mencapai target perusahaan secara efektif dan efisien.