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Deontic Logic in Computer Science

Normative System Specification

Deontic logic originated from moral philosophy and the philosophy of law as an attempt to formalise normative and legal reasoning. This book draws on the experience of researchers - working in fields as diverse as Artificial Intelligence, linguistics, computer system specification and law - who have discovered the benefits of deontic logic when applied to solving computer science and AI problems. A useful logic in which to specify normative system behaviour, deontic logic has a broad spectrum of possible applications within the field: from legal expert systems to natural language processing, database integrity to electronic contracting and the specification of fault-tolerant software. This book provides a unique and timely assessment of the practical value of deontic logic for computer scientists in AI and law and, more particularly, in such areas as distributed AI and intelligent cooperative information systems.

In The First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law , pages 240-251 . ACM , May 1987 . R.M. Chisholm . ... In C. Walter , editor , Computer Power and Legal reasoning , pages 467-493 . West Publishing Co. , 1985 .

Logic, Probability, and Presumptions in Legal Reasoning

At least since plato and Aristotle, thinkers have pondered the relationship between philosophical arguments and the "sophistical" arguments offered by the Sophists -- who were the first professional lawyers. Judges wield substantial political power, and the justifications they offer for their decisions are a vital means by which citizens can assess the legitimacy of how that power is exercised. However, to evaluate judicial justifications requires close attention to the method of reasoning behind decisions. This new collection illuminates and explains the political and moral importance in justifying the exercise of judicial power.

Thus perhaps we ought to look for the "logic" of this justification. This speculation has been popular with recent writers on the subject of legal reasoning. In the remainder of this essay I shall argue that it is misguided.

The Social Logic of Taqlid and the Rise of Mukhatasar

The study of the relationship between ijtihamp;ād and Taqlamp;īd has been dominated by an approach that privileges ijtihamp;ād over Taqlamp;īd on the assumption that the former is an intellectually superior mode of legal reasoning. By analyzing the role of Taqlamp;īd in regulating the actions of muftamp;īs and judges as discussed by post-6th/12th century jurists of the Mamp;ālikamp;ī school, I conclude that Taqlamp;īd resulted from the desire to have uniform rules rather than as a result of intellectual stagnation. While ijtihamp;ād was individualistic and solipsistic, Taqlamp;īd was the result of group interpretation that provided an objective basis upon which legal decisions and legal rulings could be described as being either substantively correct or incorrect. Viewed in this light, Taqlamp;īd was originally a desire to limit the discretionary power of legal officials, especially those at the bottom of the legal hierarchy. The desire to possess uniform rules found its logical outcome in the legal genre of the mukhtaamp;ṣar as it emerged in the 7th/13th century. The mukhtaamp;ṣar functioned as the authoritative collection of a legal school's doctrine, and, for that reason, I argue that Islamic law in the age of mukhtaamp;ṣars is best understood as a codified Common Law.

The mukhtaamp;ṣar functioned as the authoritative collection of a legal school's doctrine, and, for that reason, I argue that Islamic law in the age of mukhtaamp;ṣars is best understood as a codified Common Law.

A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems

The Reach of Abduction: Insight and Trial

The present work is a continuation of the authors' acclaimed multi-volume A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems. After having investigated the notion of relevance in their previous volume, Gabbay and Woods now turn to abduction. In this highly original approach, abduction is construed as ignorance-preserving inference, in which conjecture plays a pivotal role. Abduction is a response to a cognitive target that cannot be hit on the basis of what the agent currently knows. The abducer selects a hypothesis which were it true would enable the reasoner to attain his target. He concludes from this fact that the hypothesis may be conjectured. In allowing conjecture to stand in for the knowledge he fails to have, the abducer reveals himself to be a satisficer, since an abductive solution is not a solution from knowledge. Key to the authors' analysis is the requirement that a conjectured proposition is not just what a reasoner might allow himself to assume, but a proposition he must defeasibly release as a premiss for further inferences in the domain of enquiry in which the original abduction problem has arisen. The coverage of the book is extensive, from the philosophy of science to computer science and AI, from diagnostics to the law, from historical explanation to linguistic interpretation. One of the volume's strongest contributions is its exploration of the abductive character of criminal trials, with special attention given to the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Underlying their analysis of abductive reasoning is the authors' conception of practical agency. In this approach, practical agency is dominantly a matter of the comparative modesty of an agent's cognitive agendas, together with comparatively scant resources available for their advancement. Seen in these ways, abduction has a significantly practical character, precisely because it is a form of inference that satisfices rather than maximizes its response to the agent's cognitive target. The Reach of Abduction will be necessary reading for researchers, graduate students and senior undergraduates in logic, computer science, AI, belief dynamics, argumentation theory, cognitive psychology and neuroscience, linguistics, forensic science, legal reasoning and related areas. Key features: - Reach of Abduction is fully integrated with a background logic of cognitive systems. - The most extensive coverage compared to competitive works. - Demonstrates not only that abduction is a form of ignorance preserving inference but that it is a mode of inference that is wholly rational. - Demonstrates the satisficing rather than maximizing character of abduction. - The development of formal models of abduction is considerably more extensive than one finds in existing literature. It is an especially impressive amalgam of sophisticated conceptual analysis and extensive logical modelling. · Reach of Abduction is fully integrated with a background logic of cognitive systems. · The most extensive coverage compared to competitive works · Demonstrates not only that abduction is a form of ignorance preserving inference but that it is a mode of inference that is wholly rational. · Demonstrates the satisficing rather than maximizing character of abduction. · The development of formal models of abduction is considerably more extensive than one finds in existing literature. It is an especially impressive amalgam of sophisticated conceptual analysis and extensive logical modelling.

The present work is a continuation of the authors' acclaimed multi-volume A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems. After having investigated the notion of relevance in their previous volume, Gabbay and Woods now turn to abduction.

Logic, Argumentation and Interpretation

Proceedings of the 22nd IVR World Congress, Granada 2005, Volume V

The volume is divided into five sections. In the first chapter entitled aTheory of argumentationo, contributors debate the idea of a rational modification of beliefs as the basis of rational consensus, the G nther-Alexy debate, Opocher's conception of justice which is taken from a descriptive level to an argumentative one, truth in the field of rhetoric and judicial argumentation as well as sincerity as a necessary condition for effectiveness in legal argumentation. Further sections deal with oAnalysis and representation of argumentso, oContextualized judicial argumentso, oNorms and interpretationso and finally a section on oLogico with contributions on the stit theory and logic problems in the formalization and representation of legal knowledge in constructing an expert system. Contents I. Theory of Argumentation / Teoria de la argumentacion: Jose Manuel Cabra Apalategui: Discurso, racionalidad y persuasion Peng-Hsiang Wang: Coherence and Revision. Critical Remarks on G nther-Alexy Debate Maurizio Manzin: Justice, Argumentation and Truth in Legal Reasoning. In Memory of Enrico Opocher (1914-2004) Federico Puppo: The Problem of Truth in Judicial Argumentation C.E. Smith: Sincerity in Legal Argumentation Theory II. Analysis and Representation of Argumentation /Analisis y representacion de argumentos: Eveline T. Feteris: The Rational Reconstruction of Teleological-Evaluative Arguments Harm Kloosterhuis: Ad Absurdum Arguments in Legal Decisions G nther Kreuzbauer: Visualization of Legal Argumentation III. Contextualized Judicial Argumentation /Argumentacion judicial contextualizada: Marko Novak: Limiting Courts: Towards Greater Consistency of Adjudication in the Civil Law System Sonia Esperanza Rodriguez Boente: Los principios generales del Derecho en la argumentacion juridica Thomas da Rosa de Bustamante / Denis Franco Silva: Prospective Overruling: Why and How it Should be Applied (The example of the Brazilian Legal Systen) Stanislovas Tomas: Theory of Judicial Shamanism Derk Venema: Formalism and Non-formalism in Occupied Holland and Belgium 1940-1945 IV. Norms and Interpretation / Normas e interpretacion: Jaap Hage: Why Norms are not Imperatives Raymundo Gama Leyva: Some ideas about the nature of presumption rules Josep Aguilo-Regla: On presumptions and Legal Argumentation Marijan Pavcnik: Constitutional Interpretation V. Logic / Logica Mateusz Klinowski: Theory of Action on a Tree Jose Pedro Ubeda Rives: Problemas que el Derecho plantea a la logica.

The volume is divided into five sections.

The Logic of Law Making in Islam South Asia Edition

Women and Prayer in the Legal Tradition

This pioneering study examines the process of reasoning in Islamic law. Some of the key questions addressed here include whether sacred law operates differently from secular law, why laws change or stay the same, and how different cultural and historical settings impact the development of legal rulings. In order to explore these questions, the author examines the decisions of thirty jurists from the largest legal tradition in Islam: the Hanafi school of law. He traces their rulings on the question of women and communal prayer across a very broad period of time from the eighth to the eighteenth century to demonstrate how jurists interpreted the law and reconciled their decisions with the scripture and the sayings of the Prophet. The result is a fascinating overview of how Islamic law has evolved and the thinking behind individual rulings."

This pioneering study examines the process of reasoning in Islamic law.

Logic Programs, Norms and Action

Essays in Honor of Marek J. Sergot on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday

This book is dedicated to Marek Sergot, Professor in Computational Logic at Imperial College London, on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Professor Sergot’s scientific contributions range over many different fields. He has developed a series of novel ideas and formal methods bridging areas including artificial intelligence, computational logic, philosophical logic, legal theory, artificial intelligence and law, multi-agent systems and bioinformatics. By combining his background in logic and computing with his interest in the law, deontic logic, action, and related areas, and applying to all his capacity to understand the subtleties of social interaction and normative reasoning, Professor Sergot has opened up new directions of research, and has been a reference, an inspiration, and a model for many researchers in the fields to which he has contributed. The Festschrift includes several reminiscences and introductory essays describing Professor Sergot's achievements, followed by a series of articles on logic programming, temporal reasoning and action languages, artificial intelligence and law, deontic logic and norm-governed systems, and logical approaches to policies.

This book is dedicated to Marek Sergot, Professor in Computational Logic at Imperial College London, on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Professor Sergot’s scientific contributions range over many different fields.

Logic Games for Wannabe Lawyers

What's the verdict? These challenging conundrums give wannabe attorneys the edge they need to succeed! Every game contains a scenario plus several related questions that help prospective legal eagles sharpen their reasoning skills and powers of logic. So grab a study buddy, rev up your sense of justice, and start solving. We rest our case . . . so you can win yours!

What's the verdict?

A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems

The Reach of Abduction: Insight and Trial

The present work is a continuation of the authors' acclaimed multi-volume A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems. After having investigated the notion of relevance in their previous volume, Gabbay and Woods now turn to abduction. In this highly original approach, abduction is construed as ignorance-preserving inference, in which conjecture plays a pivotal role. Abduction is a response to a cognitive target that cannot be hit on the basis of what the agent currently knows. The abducer selects a hypothesis which were it true would enable the reasoner to attain his target. He concludes from this fact that the hypothesis may be conjectured. In allowing conjecture to stand in for the knowledge he fails to have, the abducer reveals himself to be a satisficer, since an abductive solution is not a solution from knowledge. Key to the authors' analysis is the requirement that a conjectured proposition is not just what a reasoner might allow himself to assume, but a proposition he must defeasibly release as a premiss for further inferences in the domain of enquiry in which the original abduction problem has arisen. The coverage of the book is extensive, from the philosophy of science to computer science and AI, from diagnostics to the law, from historical explanation to linguistic interpretation. One of the volume's strongest contributions is its exploration of the abductive character of criminal trials, with special attention given to the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Underlying their analysis of abductive reasoning is the authors' conception of practical agency. In this approach, practical agency is dominantly a matter of the comparative modesty of an agent's cognitive agendas, together with comparatively scant resources available for their advancement. Seen in these ways, abduction has a significantly practical character, precisely because it is a form of inference that satisfices rather than maximizes its response to the agent's cognitive target. The Reach of Abduction will be necessary reading for researchers, graduate students and senior undergraduates in logic, computer science, AI, belief dynamics, argumentation theory, cognitive psychology and neuroscience, linguistics, forensic science, legal reasoning and related areas. Key features: - Reach of Abduction is fully integrated with a background logic of cognitive systems. - The most extensive coverage compared to competitive works. - Demonstrates not only that abduction is a form of ignorance preserving inference but that it is a mode of inference that is wholly rational. - Demonstrates the satisficing rather than maximizing character of abduction. - The development of formal models of abduction is considerably more extensive than one finds in existing literature. It is an especially impressive amalgam of sophisticated conceptual analysis and extensive logical modelling. · Reach of Abduction is fully integrated with a background logic of cognitive systems. · The most extensive coverage compared to competitive works · Demonstrates not only that abduction is a form of ignorance preserving inference but that it is a mode of inference that is wholly rational. · Demonstrates the satisficing rather than maximizing character of abduction. · The development of formal models of abduction is considerably more extensive than one finds in existing literature. It is an especially impressive amalgam of sophisticated conceptual analysis and extensive logical modelling.

The present work is a continuation of the authors' acclaimed multi-volume A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems. After having investigated the notion of relevance in their previous volume, Gabbay and Woods now turn to abduction.

Logic Programming '86

Proceedings of the 5th Conference, Tokyo, Japan, June 23-26, 1986

This volume contains the papers presented, and subsequently submitted for publication, at the 5th Logic Programming Conference, held June 23-26, 1986 in Tokyo. Topics covered include Prolog machine architecture, Prolog processors, variations of Prolog language, and applications of Prolog to natural language understanding, and expert systems. Most of the works reported in the volume are related to the Japanese Fifth Generation Computer Project allowing readers to compare results from this project with those from similar projects currently being conducted in other countries.

LEGAL EXPERT SYSTEM LES - 2 H. Yoshino , S. Kagayama , S. Ohta , M. Kitahara , H. Kondoh , M. Nakakawaji ... It was the 1st version of this system and it was developed as a reasoning system for substantial law ( Japanese civil law ) .