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Pricing of Bai Salam

An Analytical Perspective

Bai Salam has gained prominence as an Islamic financial instrument for financing the deficit funding units across the Islamic world. This paper uses the arbitrage-free first order conditions to set boundaries on the ra's al-mal (the price paid in Bai Salam). Among the four schools of thought (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi and Hanbali), Hanafi jurists strictly require, for a valid Salam contract, the existence of al-musallam fihi (the underlying asset of the Bai Salam contract) at the time of contract. This paper proposes that when al-musallam fihi exists at the time of contract the ra's al-mal must be equal to the current price of the underlying asset plus the holding cost so that there is no arbitrage. For cases where al-musallam fihi does not exist at the time of contract, a closed form formula for calculation of ra's- al-mal is being proposed. The formula will ensure fair pricing of Salam contracts in order to safeguard the interests of al-musallam alayhi (the seller of the underlying asset).

Bai Salam has gained prominence as an Islamic financial instrument for financing the deficit funding units across the Islamic world.

Islamic Economic System and Poverty Reduction

Poverty is an economic condition of lacking basic necessities needed to live a reasonable life. This include need for money, food, water, education, and shelter. Poverty reduction is a process, aiming to reduce the level of poverty in a group of people or countries. World Bank suggests that poverty can be reduced by various means and methods, which includes economic growth (increase in income and living standard) and direct aid/private charity. World so far has followed two economic systems, communism and capitalism. The communism was based on an emotional reaction against evil consequences of the capitalist economy, specially, against the element of inequitable distribution of wealth. But capitalism prevails, which still suffer from inequities in the distribution of wealth. The world needs a Third Economic System. Elements of Islamic Economic System involve: financing/trading, Zakat and Interest free loans. Even poor persons, with some credibility, can survive in this economic system. Islamic economics prefers co-operation to competition. This aspect of co-operation is a key to poverty reduction. It is possible to reduce poverty by following Islamic economic system because it takes care of society and social justice.

Poverty is an economic condition of lacking basic necessities needed to live a reasonable life.

ANALISIS ANTOLOGI PUISI DARI ASPEK SOSIOLOGI

Analis Antologi Puisi Menyimak Ayat Ombak Karya Syafwan Hadi Umry dari Aspek Sosiologi

Puisi merupakan seni kata, tak sebatas hanya pada seni konsep. Penyair, semacam tengah bejoget dengan kata-kata. Dalam puisi, tidak ada makna yang final. Karya sastra ini, tetaplah wujud yang terus-menerus ada, dalam lingkaran interpretasi. Kepadatan bahasa yang terkandung didalamnya, acapkali menghanyutkan jiwa. Membenamkan pembacanya dalam rima, mengajak pendengarnya mendulang refleksi nyata. Dengan makna yang mendalam, puisi mampu melembutkan sikap, meluhurkan perilaku, hingga dapat merubah dunia. Berbekal pendekatan sosiologi sastra, penulis hendak menyelami kebermaknaan dari buku antologi puisi Menyimak Ayat Ombak karya Shafwan Hadi Umry, dalam kaitanya pada aspek-aspek sosial dan gambaran kritik sosial, secara akademis. Antologi puisi Menyimak Ayat Ombak, merupakan buku kumpulan puisinya yang pertama; merangkum sejumlah sajak yang ditulis dalam rentang waktu relatif lama, yakni pada rentang tahun 1976-1994. Melalui antologi puisi tersebut, Shafwan Hadi Umry mencoba membawa daulat budaya ke tengah pergolakan batin manusia, meskipun sejenak. Pikirkanlah hidup ini meskipun sejenak, ujarnya. Antologi puisi tersebut, merupakan salah satu karya sastra yang ditulis oleh generasi terbaik dieranya, yang ditulis dengan kekayaan makna dan disajikan dalam berbagai gaya bahasa.

Puisi merupakan seni kata, tak sebatas hanya pada seni konsep.

TEKNOLOGI PERKANTORAN, OTOMATISASI PERKANTORAN, VIRTUAL OFFICE DALAM PERKANTORAN MODERN

Otomatisasi merupakan pergantian tenaga manusia dengan tenaga mesin yang secara otomatis melakukan dan mengatur pekerjaan. Era otomatisasi perkantoran dimulai bersamaan dengan berkembangnya teknologi informasi dan penggunaan perangkat komputer untuk keperluan perkantoran. Buku ini membahas teknologi perkantoran, otomatisasi perkantoran dan virtual office dalam perkantoran modern yang sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman.

Buku ini membahas teknologi perkantoran, otomatisasi perkantoran dan virtual office dalam perkantoran modern yang sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman.

AYO BELAJAR KALIMAT THAYYIBAH

Mendidik anak tentang agama bisa secara langsung atau menggunakan media berupa alat elektronik, gadget, film, buku dan lain-lain. Buku Seri Ibadah : Ayo Belajar Kalimat Thayyibah ini disajikan dengan desain dan ilustrasi berwarna, dengan harapan akan membuat anak tertarik dan termotivasi untuk membaca dan menghafalkan Kalimat Thayyibah yang ada dalam buku ini. CERDAS INTERAKTIF

Buku Seri Ibadah : Ayo Belajar Kalimat Thayyibah ini disajikan dengan desain dan ilustrasi berwarna, dengan harapan akan membuat anak tertarik dan termotivasi untuk membaca dan menghafalkan Kalimat Thayyibah yang ada dalam buku ini.

An Emperical [i.e. Empirical] Study of Video Application Performance Over ATM and Ethernet Networks

Abstract: "Over the past few years, there has been a strong and growing interest in faster network technologies such as FDDI and ATM. However, the perceived throughput at the application level has not always increased accordingly. Various performance bottlenecks have been encountered each of which has to be analysed and corrected. This paper presents a performance evaluation of continuous video data streams over ATM networks and compares them with similar experiments over Ethernet networks. The ATM LAN testbed for these experiments consists of three SG R4000 Indigos workstations connected by ATM Fore first generation interface cards and a Synoptics ATM switch. It is expected that video applications would run faster on ATM networks than Ethernet networks. A preliminary examination suggested to us that data movements through the protocol stack and the processing overheads were considerably high and that with some parameter settings, experiments with Ethernet would perform four to five times better than those with ATM. To address and explore this issue, a packetisation process has been added within the video application that would split each video frame into a number of packets. We show that by implementing a packetisation process at the application level, the end host is able to deliver cells at a faster rate. The sensitivity of these parameters, and also the overheads involved are discussed. The results are consistent over a range of video frame sizes: CIF(25 K), QCIF(101 K), and SCIF(405 K)."

Abstract: "Over the past few years, there has been a strong and growing interest in faster network technologies such as FDDI and ATM. However, the perceived throughput at the application level has not always increased accordingly.

PENGEMBANGAN BAHASA EKSPRESIF ANAK

Melalui Penerapan Pembelajaran Audio Visual

Usia dini menjadi masa keemasan anak-anak, masa di mana perkembangannya tumbuh lebih cepat dan lebih mudah distimulasi. Maka dari itu, memberikan perhatian lebih saat masa keemasan anak menjadi langkah terbaik untuk masa pertumbuhannya. Satu di antaranya melalui pendidikan yang tepat diberikan pada usianya. Berbagai upaya harus terus dilakukan untuk mengembangkan aspek pertumbuhan anak. Satu di antaranya dalam pengembangan bahasa anak, yakni bahasa represif dan bahasa ekspresif.

Berbagai upaya harus terus dilakukan untuk mengembangkan aspek pertumbuhan anak. Satu di antaranya dalam pengembangan bahasa anak, yakni bahasa represif dan bahasa ekspresif.