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Economic Efficiency of Organic Coffee Farmers in Kilimanjaro Region

Comparison of Economic Efficiency of Organic and Conventional Coffee Farming Systems in Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania

"Organic farming is viewed as affordable farming technology for small scale coffee farmers in Tanzania who cannot afford high costs of production due to continuously increasing prices of inorganic inputs and low prices of coffee. However, there is no consensus among researchers on how organic farming technology affects profit and production efficiency of organic farms. Therefore, this study compares economic efficiency of organic and conventional coffee farming in Kilimanjaro region in Tanzania. Data related to the factors of production and socioeconomic characteristics were collected from 115 coffee farmers. The profit function approach was used. Analytical tools included descriptive statistics and seemingly unrelated regression (SURE). It revealed that the variable costs of organic coffee farming per acre were 45% lower than those of conventional coffee farming while the gross profit received from organic coffee farms per acre was 65% lower than that obtained from conventional coffee farms. Efficiency analysis conducted using the profit function, jointly estimated with wage share equation indicated that economic and technical efficiencies were in favor of conventional farms."

"Organic farming is viewed as affordable farming technology for small scale coffee farmers in Tanzania who cannot afford high costs of production due to continuously increasing prices of inorganic inputs and low prices of coffee.

What We Know about the Islamic Financial System Procyclicality

A Theoretical Approach and Comparative Study

The long history of economic and financial crises shows that pro-cyclicality is an inherent feature of the real and financial sectors of an economy. The main feature of pro-cyclicality is an underestimation or overestimation of the risks to which the banking sector is exposed. The Islamic financial system, is also impacted by procyclicality feature. I chose the title; what we know about the Islamic financial system procyclicality; in order to awaken the academics and the researchers to not only focus on the green side of Islamic finance. We have to check theoretically and empirically the weaknesses and the pain of the Islamic financial system in order to complete the Islamic finance theory. This book suggests three Islamic versions of financial accelerator effect in three different markets, Partnership contract market, Sukuk Market and Organized Tawarruq market. The main pains are the forces that push the Islamic Financial System to be a shock amplifier rather than absorber.

This book suggests three Islamic versions of financial accelerator effect in three different markets, Partnership contract market, Sukuk Market and Organized Tawarruq market.

Interest-Free Financial System

Principles and Practices

Interest-free (Islamic)finance is an innovation of the world in the present scenario. The prohibition of interest in Islam raises the question of how financial inter-mediation will take place in the economy; this book provides a conceptual framework to the study Islamic financial system embedded with interest-free banking, bonds, insurance, assets/fund management, and micro-finance. The book also depicts the overall profile of the Islamic Financial Industry around the world by examining its growth and developments.Given its holistic approach in the discussion of principles, techniques and practices of Islamic finance; both students and practitioners of Islamic finance would find this book of immense practical utility. A unique feature of the book is that operational aspects of each of the interest-free financial products are illustrated with the help of flow chart/pictorial presentation. A detailed glossary of Arabic literary terms and references are provided at the end of the book for the benefit of students.

The prohibition of interest in Islam raises the question of how financial inter-mediation will take place in the economy; this book provides a conceptual framework to the study Islamic financial system embedded with interest-free banking, ...

Al-Quran and Science

Dakwah as Necessity for the Best Ummah

As highlighted by distinguished scholars, it is not denied nor exaggerated stated that in the Islamic world at this time, the jamat tabligh effort based in Nizamuddin, New Delhi, India is a joint mission to the most widely spread, most effective as well as benefits that are not only the Indian subcontinent but also to Asia continent even passed through on several continents of Islamic and non-Islamic countries. The guidance and special attributes taken from the Qur'an and hadith on six key principles as a fact that Kalimah tauhid, Solat khusyuk and khuduk, Knowledge and remembrance of Allah, Ikram muslimin, Ikhlas niat, Dakwah and tabligh; be the custodian of the success for following the commandments of Allah and the preservation of Islam. It is a requirement in every field of endeavor by Muslims as stated in the Qur'an, Surah Al-Imran verse 110, "As the best ummah, which should invite to goodness and forbid evil and believe in Allah." Hence this book highlights the findings of scientific research through field and laboratory experiments which's that all the findings have already been explained clearly by Allah in the Qur'an.

Hence this book highlights the findings of scientific research through field and laboratory experiments which's that all the findings have already been explained clearly by Allah in the Qur'an.

Al-Quran as a Source of Knowledge

The subject of faith is one of the most intriguing and fascinating concepts in Islam. In early Islam, the concept of faith became a matter of intense debates and disputes among the scholars and theologians of various sects. In the first three centuries of early Islam, this concept inevitably became a significant feature and the task of religious and legal definitions absorbed the intellectual energies of the Muslim community to an unparalleled degree. The book aims at analyzing the facts at a later stage of history, when the Sunni scholars and jurists often scarcely distinguished in the early centuries, realized that being plainly subordinate to Allah came to the scene. They rose to the occasion and led the great majority of the Muslims to a remarkable level of understanding and unity on the main issues of faith. It was with this sense of unity, based on the Quran and expanded by the Sunnah, the fact that all common allegiance to the supreme power be restored and enhanced.

The book aims at analyzing the facts at a later stage of history, when the Sunni scholars and jurists often scarcely distinguished in the early centuries, realized that being plainly subordinate to Allah came to the scene.

The Foundations of Islamic Economics and Banking

The book outlines origins of Islamic economics Principles in Shari'a, covering its characteristics, economic problem, and government intervention, public versus private property, work ethics, Al-Hisba and social justice. Theories of the demand for money in western economies are presented followed by an analysis of the meaning, nature, characteristics, and role of money in Islam. Factors affecting the demand for money in an Islamic economy are emphasized. The meaning and features of Riba, its types and economic consequences are discussed. Thorough analyses of the objectives of Islamic banking in theory and practice, types and sources of deposits, and various forms of Riba-free financing operations are in order. Monetary and prudential control in both systems is considered emphasizing religious supervisory responsibility and the Central Bank of Kuwait instructions. Islamic money and capital market is acknowledged by dwelling on sukuk instruments. Transition in practice is analyzed shedding light on Kuwait experience and the macro and microeconomic efficiencies of Islamic model compared with conventional one.

The book outlines origins of Islamic economics Principles in Shari'a, covering its characteristics, economic problem, and government intervention, public versus private property, work ethics, Al-Hisba and social justice.

Principles of Macroeconomics

From Islamic Perspective

While introducing Principles of Macroeconomics to young minds within the decorum of a university, I face tensions between my religious preference and secular arguments. This is painful as Islam has a rich, comprehensive set of economic arguments that has been applied successfully in the past and is equally effective in the contemporary world. Although in class I try to supplement that discussion with hand notes but the necessity of a formal text is well felt. I am sure that many of my colleagues around the world feel the same way. This textbook is an attempt to address my internal malaise with the hope that it will be useful to others as well who face the same tensions and an urge for a bridge. I have tried to cover all microeconomic topics expected in a standard textbook. I have tried to introduce these concepts keeping an Islamic perspective in mind. Lastly, I wanted to shed some light on how we can follow Islamic principles in an environment of secular epistemology. I sincerely believe that Muslim students and academicians will find this book interesting. May Almighty Allah (SWT) accept our attempt and guide us to true knowledge.

This is painful as Islam has a rich, comprehensive set of economic arguments that has been applied successfully in the past and is equally effective in the contemporary world.

Rethinking International Criminal Law

Restorative Justice and the Rights of Victims in the International Criminal Court

The study focuses on the right of victims to participation and to reparations under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The author argues that the ICC offers an opportunity for the entrenchment of the concerns of victims in the international criminal process. However, he suggests that this depends on what framework of justice the Court adopts. The author further argues that previous international criminal tribunals operated on retributive and utilitarian theories of criminal justice that are exclusionary of and inimical to specific concerns of victims of international crimes. The largely retributive and utilitarian objects driving these systems limited victims to a peripheral status in the process and failed to address fully the harm occasioned to victims.The author proposes restorative justice as the best paradigm of giving effect to the said rights of victims while meeting the law enforcement functions of the prosecutor and protecting defence rights in the ICC.

The study focuses on the right of victims to participation and to reparations under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

Business Feasibility:The Discrepances Between Perceptions and Practice

Mine Field

A feasibility study is an evolving, dynamic process. While it is used to justify what is developed and at what cost (the investment decision) it is also used throughout the procurement phase to check if the project is being developed in accordance with the original assumptions and, where change is necessary, it is also used to manage the change.Is it right to ask why the feasibility study is of so much interest today? One possible answer is that, on the one hand, it has changed the audience and on the other hand, the stakes are high.

A feasibility study is an evolving, dynamic process.

Selection of Outputs for Distributed Parameter Systems

A method of sensor location selection is introduced for distributed parameter systems. In this method, the sensitivities of spatial outputs to model parameters are computed by a model and transformed via continuous wavelet transforms into the time-scale domain to characterize the shape attributes of output sensitivities and accentuate their di erences. Regions are then sought in the time-scale plane wherein the wavelet coe cient of an output-sensitivity surpasses all the others' as indication of the output sensitivity's uniqueness. This method yields a comprehensive account of identifiability each output provides for the model parameters as the basis of output selection. This output selection strategy is evaluated for a numerical case of pollutant dispersion by advection and discussion in a two-dimensional area.

A method of sensor location selection is introduced for distributed parameter systems.