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Reason, Revelation and Law in Islamic and Western Theory and History

This book engages the diverse meanings and interpretations of Islamic and Western law which have affected people and societies across the globe, past and present, in correlation to the epistemological groundings of those meanings and interpretations. The volume takes a distinctively comparative approach, advancing dialogue on crucial transnational and global debates over the history of Western and Islamic approaches to law, politics and society and their relevance for today. It discusses how fundamental concepts are understood and even translated from one historical or political context or one semantic domain to another. The book provides focused studies of key figures and theories in a manageable, accessible format useful for specialized academic courses and research as well as general audiences.

This book engages the diverse meanings and interpretations of Islamic and Western law which have affected people and societies across the globe, past and present, in correlation to the epistemological groundings of those meanings and ...

Law and Social Economics

Essays in Ethical Values for Theory, Practice, and Policy

This edited volume is the first collection of essays exploring the intersection of social economics and the law, providing alternatives to neoclassical law-and-economics and applying them to real-world issues. Law is a social enterprise concerned with values such as justice, dignity, and equality, as well as efficiency - which is the same way that social economists conceive of the economy itself. Social economists and legal scholars alike need to acknowledge the interrelationship between the economy and the law in a broader ethical context than enabled by mainstream law-and-economics. The ten chapters in Law and Social Economics, written by an international assortment of scholars from economics, philosophy, and law, employ a wide variety of approaches and methods to show how a more ethically nuanced approach to economics and the law can illuminate both fields and open up new avenues for studying social-economic behavior, policy, and outcomes in all their ethical and legal complexity.

This edited volume is the first collection of essays exploring the intersection of social economics and the law, providing alternatives to neoclassical law-and-economics and applying them to real-world issues.

Victims of Personal Crime

An Empirical Foundation for a Theory of Personal Victimization

Based on an analysis of data from the U.S. National Crime Study, the authors conclude that the personal characteristics associated with risks of victimization were rather stable across the cities surveyed, although levels of victimization showed considerable variation. For example, younger persons had greater rates of personal victimization than did older persons, males than females, etc. The book discusses the patterns of risk factors associated with criminal victimization, and the correlates of characteristics of criminal incidents.

The book discusses the patterns of risk factors associated with criminal victimization, and the correlates of characteristics of criminal incidents.

Legal Maxims in Islamic Criminal Law: Theory and Applications

Using contemporary illustrations, Legal Maxims in Islamic Criminal Law delves into the theoretical and practical studies of al-Qawaid al-Fiqhiyyah in Islamic legal theory. It elucidates the importance of this concept in the application of Islamic law and demonstrates how the concept relates to the objectives of Islamic law (maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah), generally.

Using contemporary illustrations, Legal Maxims in Islamic Criminal Law delves into the theoretical and practical studies of al-Qawaid al-Fiqhiyyah in Islamic legal theory.

Logic

Modern and Traditional

a inspired natural law , or where a self - seeking rationalization is falsely assumed to be an unassailable truth . 2 Exercise 3.4A . Three Types of ... С circular reasoning , or fallacy of reification . Each problem in this exercise is ...

The Logic of Occurrence

A general problem in qualitative physics is determining the consequences of assumptions about the behavior of a system. If the space of behaviors is represented by an envisionment, many such consequences can be represented by pruning states from the envisionment. This paper provides a formal logic of occurrence which justifies the algorithms involved and provides a language for relating specific histories to envisionments. The concepts and axioms are general enough to be applicable to any system of qualitative physics. We further propose the concept of transverse quantities as a general solution to qualitative versions of Zeno's paradox. The utility of these ideas is illustrated by a rational reconstruction of the pruning algorithms used in FROB, a working AI program.

... one to allow reasoning with partial information : Axiom 5 ( InitialStates Existence ) | InitialStates ( R ) / 2 1 . ... We need to refine the notion of paths to include the notion of a legal path : Axiom 7 ( Path legality ) A path p ...

Soft Logic

The Epistemic Role of Aesthetic Criteria

Soft Logic is a fascinating study that links scientific and mathematical reasoning to literature and the arts. In this work, Joseph Grünfeld argues that justification by resemblance is more common in science than is generally recognized. That is, symbolic and metaphorical modes of thinking, which are largely analogical, often play a significant role in the interpretation of formal systems. Noting that twentieth century non-Aristotelian forms of reasoning have greatly expanded our understanding of what constitutes logic, Grünfeld explores a wide range of relevant topics, including reasonableness, metaphor, deconstruction, postmodernism, aesthetics, art, and philosophy. In the process, he identifies the postmodernist implications of modern logic and develops how they may be applied to both science and art. Scholars of philosophy, aesthetics, and art will find this comprehensive and insightful work thought provoking.

... and the question Where do we draw the line ? haunts black - and - white reasoning in a world of grays . ... Legal decisions are also fuzzy and relative ; courts convict persons who commit crimes with enough intent and acquit those ...

Logic

Logic is primarily about consistency - but not all types of consistency. For example if a man supports Arsenal one day and supports Spurs the next then he is fickle, but not necessarily illogical. The type of consistency which concerns logicians is not loyalty or justice or sincerity but compatibility of beliefs. Logic, therefore, involves studying the situations in which a sentence is true or valid and subsequently the rules which determine the validity or otherwise of a given argument.

As another example , English Law has been known to decide questions of reasonableness by appealing to what the man on the Clapham omnibus would have thought if he had been a ... Subjunctive conditionals appear also in moral reasoning .

The Logic of Science

Both in everyday speaking and writing , and in legal , historical and even scientific literature one encounters such phrases ... Evidently something else must be meant as a precise description of the nature of mathematical reasoning .

From Natural Language Processing to Logic for Expert Systems

A Logic Based Approach to Artificial Intelligence

Covers some of the most significant applications of artificial intelligence, namely: natural language processing, speech understanding, expert system design, requirement engineering, machine learning, truth maintenance systems, advanced concepts and methods of logic programming. Together with the previous two volumes edited by Thayse, this completes a comprehensive exposition of the subject of logics applied to AI.

They are , however , only a special case of non - monotonic reasoning , already studied in [ Thayse 88 , Chap . ... The difficulty of processing inheritance networks depends on the restrictions imposed on the nature of legal links and ...