Sebanyak 98 item atau buku ditemukan

A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems

The Reach of Abduction: Insight and Trial

The present work is a continuation of the authors' acclaimed multi-volume A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems. After having investigated the notion of relevance in their previous volume, Gabbay and Woods now turn to abduction. In this highly original approach, abduction is construed as ignorance-preserving inference, in which conjecture plays a pivotal role. Abduction is a response to a cognitive target that cannot be hit on the basis of what the agent currently knows. The abducer selects a hypothesis which were it true would enable the reasoner to attain his target. He concludes from this fact that the hypothesis may be conjectured. In allowing conjecture to stand in for the knowledge he fails to have, the abducer reveals himself to be a satisficer, since an abductive solution is not a solution from knowledge. Key to the authors' analysis is the requirement that a conjectured proposition is not just what a reasoner might allow himself to assume, but a proposition he must defeasibly release as a premiss for further inferences in the domain of enquiry in which the original abduction problem has arisen. The coverage of the book is extensive, from the philosophy of science to computer science and AI, from diagnostics to the law, from historical explanation to linguistic interpretation. One of the volume's strongest contributions is its exploration of the abductive character of criminal trials, with special attention given to the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Underlying their analysis of abductive reasoning is the authors' conception of practical agency. In this approach, practical agency is dominantly a matter of the comparative modesty of an agent's cognitive agendas, together with comparatively scant resources available for their advancement. Seen in these ways, abduction has a significantly practical character, precisely because it is a form of inference that satisfices rather than maximizes its response to the agent's cognitive target. The Reach of Abduction will be necessary reading for researchers, graduate students and senior undergraduates in logic, computer science, AI, belief dynamics, argumentation theory, cognitive psychology and neuroscience, linguistics, forensic science, legal reasoning and related areas. Key features: - Reach of Abduction is fully integrated with a background logic of cognitive systems. - The most extensive coverage compared to competitive works. - Demonstrates not only that abduction is a form of ignorance preserving inference but that it is a mode of inference that is wholly rational. - Demonstrates the satisficing rather than maximizing character of abduction. - The development of formal models of abduction is considerably more extensive than one finds in existing literature. It is an especially impressive amalgam of sophisticated conceptual analysis and extensive logical modelling. · Reach of Abduction is fully integrated with a background logic of cognitive systems. · The most extensive coverage compared to competitive works · Demonstrates not only that abduction is a form of ignorance preserving inference but that it is a mode of inference that is wholly rational. · Demonstrates the satisficing rather than maximizing character of abduction. · The development of formal models of abduction is considerably more extensive than one finds in existing literature. It is an especially impressive amalgam of sophisticated conceptual analysis and extensive logical modelling.

The present work is a continuation of the authors' acclaimed multi-volume A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems. After having investigated the notion of relevance in their previous volume, Gabbay and Woods now turn to abduction.

Handbook of Research on Islamic Business Ethics

The Handbook of Research on Islamic Business Ethics is an essential source for policymakers and researchers to gain an understanding of pressing ethical issues in the Islamic business world. The primary objective is to provide readers with an insight into the ethical principles that govern Islamic business conduct. These principles are articulated with a view to evaluating whether business actors uphold their social responsibilities and are committed to ethical values in their conduct. Exploring the interweaving relationship between Islamic business ethics and the market, this Handbook examines the critical role that ethics can play in ensuring that business thrives. It offers theoretical perspectives on research and goes beyond the conventional treatment of Islamic ethics. It debates important market issues and asserts that social actors in the Islamic business world should be cognisant of these issues so as to behave in a moral and responsible manner. Implications for researchers and for market conduct are illuminated. Readers wanting to familiarize themselves with day-to-day Islamic business ethics will find this Handbook an invaluable guide.

Bringing faith, the divine and the sacred, as well as the profane, so forthrightly into the marketing mix attracts greater scrutiny from all stakeholders, regardless of faith. Furthermore, it is clear that rather than this phenomenon ...

Introductory Mathematics and Statistics for Islamic Finance

A unique primer on quantitative methods as applied to Islamicfinance Introductory Mathematics and Statistics for Islamic Finance +Website is a comprehensive guide to quantitative methods,specifically as applied within the realm of Islamic finance. Withapplications based on research, the book provides readers with theworking knowledge of math and statistics required to understandIslamic finance theory and practice. The numerous worked examplesgive students with various backgrounds a uniform set of commontools for studying Islamic finance. The in-depth study of finance requires a strong foundation inquantitative methods. Without a good grasp of math, probability,and statistics, published theoretical and applied works in Islamicfinance remain out of reach. Unlike a typical math text, this bookguides students through only the methods that directly apply toIslamic finance, without wasting time on irrelevant techniques.Each chapter contains a detailed explanation of the topic at hand,followed by an example based on real situations encountered inIslamic finance. Topics include: Algebra and matrices Calculus and differential equations Probability theory Statistics Written by leading experts on the subject, the book serves as auseful primer on the analysis methods and techniques students willencounter in published research, as well as day-to-day operationsin finance. Anyone aspiring to be successful in Islamic financeneeds these skills, and Introductory Mathematics and Statisticsfor Islamic Finance + Website is a clear, concise, and highlyrelevant guide.

... entrepreneurship, technology, weather, taxation, and soon. Fromthe demand andsupply functions we obtain an excess demand function, defined as the difference between demand and supply, If supply exceeds demand, prices drop; ...

Sudan

The Gezira Scheme and Agricultural Transition

The authors propose that the Gezira scheme has played a paradoxical role in the capitalist transformation of the Sudan - reinforcing some non-capitalist production relations while at the same time acting as an engine for the peripheral capitalist development.

The authors propose that the Gezira scheme has played a paradoxical role in the capitalist transformation of the Sudan - reinforcing some non-capitalist production relations while at the same time acting as an engine for the peripheral ...

The Fiqh of Islam

A Contemporary Explanation of Principles of Worship

Projected to be complete in 2 volumes--ECIP data.

Projected to be complete in 2 volumes--ECIP data.

The Fiqh of Islam: A Contemporary Explanation of Principles of Worship

Compiled by a globally recognized Muslim scholar and teacher of Islam's spiritual dimension, Sufism (Tasawwuf), this 2-volume series is written for those who seek a better understanding of Islamic tenets.

Introduction to Islamic Economics

Theory and Application

Gain deeper insight into the principles and theory of Islamic economics Introduction to Islamic Economics: Theory and Application provides an overview of the organizing principles and fundamentals of an Islamic economy. With deep discussion of the characteristics, rationale, key institutions, objectives, and instruments at work, the book addresses the core economic principles underlying a system based on the foundational teachings of Islam, and examines the implications for economic policies. Social welfare, economic justice, market functionality, efficiency, and equity are explored from an Islamic perspective, and the role and instruments of fiscal and monetary policy in Islamic systems are used to illustrate contemporary applications. Universities around the globe are offering courses on Islamic economics and finance, but despite the industry's rapid growth, most research has been focused on the financial principles rather than underlying economic principles. The first book of its kind, Introduction to Islamic Economics brings all the key concepts together into one reference volume. By outlining the ways in which Islamic finance and Islamic economics interrelate, this book can help readers to: Develop an understanding of the Islamic economic system and its institutional scaffolding Differentiate between the major characteristics of the dominant conventional economy and one based on the fundamental sources of Islam Understand the conditions that must be met for a just, well-balanced, stable, and growing economy Clarify the role of State, public policy, and risk-sharing in the Islamic financial system The Islamic financial system is expanding quickly, and those looking to increase their relevance in a changing economic landscape must get up to speed. Introduction to Islamic Economics provides a comprehensive overview of underlying economic system offering a deeper understanding of the feature of the system. This book is an excellent complement to Introduction to Islamic Finance, 2E by Iqbal and Mirakhor.

This book is an excellent complement to Introduction to Islamic Finance, 2E by Iqbal and Mirakhor.