Sebanyak 1057 item atau buku ditemukan

A Fortiori Logic

Innovations, History and Assessments

A FORTIORI LOGIC: INNOVATIONS, HISTORY AND ASSESSMENTS, by Avi Sion, is a wide-ranging and in-depth study of a fortiori reasoning, comprising a great many new theoretical insights into such argument, a history of its use and discussion from antiquity to the present day, and critical analyses of the main attempts at its elucidation. Its purpose is nothing less than to lay the foundations for a new branch of logic, and greatly develop it; and thus to once and for all dispel the many fallacious ideas circulating regarding the nature of a fortiori reasoning.

A FORTIORI LOGIC: INNOVATIONS, HISTORY AND ASSESSMENTS, by Avi Sion, is a wide-ranging and in-depth study of a fortiori reasoning, comprising a great many new theoretical insights into such argument, a history of its use and discussion from ...

Errors of Reasoning. Naturalizing the Logic of Inference

Errors of Reasoning is the long-awaited continuation of the author's investigation of the logic of cognitive systems. The present focus is the individual human reasoner operating under the conditions and pressures of real life with capacities and resources the natural world makes available to him. The ensuing logic is thus agent-centred, goal-directed, and time-and-action oriented. It is also as psychologically real a logic as consistent with lawlike regularities of the better-developed empirical sciences of cognition. A point of departure for the book is that good reasoning is typically reasoning that does not meet the orthodox logician's requirements of either deductive validity or the sort of inductive strength sought for by the statistico-empirical sciences. A central objective here is to fashion a logic for this "third-way" reasoning. In so doing, substantial refinements are proposed for mainline treatments of nonmonotonic, defeasible, autoepistemic and default reasoning. A further departure from orthodox orientations is the eschewal of all idealizations short of those required for the descriptive adequacy of the relevant parts of empirical science. Also banned is any unearned assumption of a logic's normative authority to judge inferential behaviour as it actually occurs on the ground. The logic that emerges is therefore a naturalized logic, a proposed transformation of orthodox logics in the manner of the naturalization, more than forty years ago, of the traditional approaches to analytic epistemology. A byproduct of the transformation is the abandonment of justification as a general condition of knowledge, especially in third-way contexts. A test case for this new approach is an account of erroneous reasoning, including inferences usually judged fallacious, that outperforms its rivals in theoretical depth and empirical sensitivity. Errors of Reasoning is required reading in all research communities that seek a realistic understanding of human inference: Logic, formal and informal, AI and the other branches of cognitive science, argumentation theory, and theories of legal reasoning. Indeed the book is a standing challenge to all normatively idealized theories of assessable human performance. John Woods is Director of The Abductive Systems Group at the University of British Columbia, and was formerly the Charles S. Peirce Professor of Logic in the Group on Logic and Computation in the Department of Computer Science, King's College London. He is author of Paradox and Paraconsistency (2003) and with Dov Gabbay, of Agenda Relevance (2003) and The Reach of Abduction (2005). His pathbreaking The Logic of Fiction appeared in 1974, with a second edition by College Publications, 2009.

A central objective here is to fashion a logic for this "third-way" reasoning. In so doing, substantial refinements are proposed for mainline treatments of nonmonotonic, defeasible, autoepistemic and default reasoning.

The Logic of Law Making in Islam

Women and Prayer in the Legal Tradition

This pioneering study examines the process of reasoning in Islamic law. Some of the key questions addressed here include whether sacred law operates differently from secular law, why laws change or stay the same and how different cultural and historical settings impact the development of legal rulings. In order to explore these questions, the author examines the decisions of thirty jurists from the largest legal tradition in Islam: the Hanafi school of law. He traces their rulings on the question of women and communal prayer across a very broad period of time - from the eighth to the eighteenth century - to demonstrate how jurists interpreted the law and reconciled their decisions with the scripture and the sayings of the Prophet. The result is a fascinating overview of how Islamic law has evolved and the thinking behind individual rulings.

This pioneering study examines the process of reasoning in Islamic law.

Logic, Probability, and Presumptions in Legal Reasoning

At least since plato and Aristotle, thinkers have pondered the relationship between philosophical arguments and the "sophistical" arguments offered by the Sophists -- who were the first professional lawyers. Judges wield substantial political power, and the justifications they offer for their decisions are a vital means by which citizens can assess the legitimacy of how that power is exercised. However, to evaluate judicial justifications requires close attention to the method of reasoning behind decisions. This new collection illuminates and explains the political and moral importance in justifying the exercise of judicial power.

Thus perhaps we ought to look for the "logic" of this justification. This speculation has been popular with recent writers on the subject of legal reasoning. In the remainder of this essay I shall argue that it is misguided.

Logic, Probability, and Presumptions in Legal Reasoning

At least since plato and Aristotle, thinkers have pondered the relationship between philosophical arguments and the "sophistical" arguments offered by the Sophists -- who were the first professional lawyers. Judges wield substantial political power, and the justifications they offer for their decisions are a vital means by which citizens can assess the legitimacy of how that power is exercised. However, to evaluate judicial justifications requires close attention to the method of reasoning behind decisions. This new collection illuminates and explains the political and moral importance in justifying the exercise of judicial power.

However, to evaluate judicial justifications requires close attention to the method of reasoning behind decisions. This new collection illuminates and explains the political and moral importance in justifying the exercise of judicial power.

Logic in Law

Remarks on Logic and Rationality in Normative Reasoning, Especially in Law

The study presented in this book was entered upon by me from a legal point of view. 'Legal logic' has been known for a long time, concerning itself with the methodology of legal and in particular judicial reasoning. In modern days, however, this 'legal logic' is sometimes also connected with modern formal logic, as it has been developed in the works of G. Boole, A. de Morgan, G. Frege, C.S. Peirce, E. Schroder, G. Peano, A.N. Whitehead, B. Russell and others. For me this gave rise to the as yet not very specific question about the meaning of modern symbolic logic for law. Already in an early stage it appeared that, although traditional legal logic and modern symbolic logic both concern logic, this may not create the misapprehension that a similar matter is at issue. Both concern themselves (among other things) with reasonings and reasoning. Traditional legal logic is, however, as it was said by the German legal theoretician K. Engisch: "a material logic that wants us to reflect on what we have to do if we -within the limits of actual possibility- wish to reach true, or at least correct judgements" (Engisch, 1964, p.5). Modern symbolic logic on the other hand is not concerned with the truth or correctness of the result of an argument, but with its validity, i.e. the question when or under which conditions the truth (correctness) of the conclusion is guaranteed by the truth (correctness) of the premisses.

The study presented in this book was entered upon by me from a legal point of view.

Legal Reasoning and Briefing; Logic Applied to the Preparation, Trial and Appeal of Cases, with Illustrative Briefs and Forms

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1917 edition. Excerpt: ...if the former be selected it will involve the defense of the "fellow servant rule," while if the latter, no such opposition is possible. Or if compelled to admit the negligence of the engineer he might still avert the "fellow servant rule" by advancing the theory that the engineer as a part of the equipment of the road was selected by the company without a due regard for his competency. Or again the theory may favor a breach of contract rather than a case of fraud, but the further element of doubt is whether the action will lie more successfully upon the ground of breach of the main contract or breach of warranty. Again, an action for damages for trespass to land may succeed if brought in one county, but fail if brought in another, while an action upon the same set of facts may be brought in one court, but not in another, where their jurisdiction is not concurrent. So also this question of detail would arise in an action brought to recover back money paid on a contract with a corporation, as to whether the theory of the case should hold the contract to be malum in se, malum prohibitum, or simply ultra vires. For in the former the court would refuse to grant a remedy, in the second the question of statute would be imperative, and in the latter the matter of notice might be determinate. In such a manner innumerable details affecting the various species of action are the final cruces upon which cases turn, and no theory is complete which stops with the selection of not only a possible, but the best species of action, but must add to this such particularity of detail as will insure a successful outcome. The Use of H yfiothcses. The theory of the case most likely to prove successful, having now been evolved by a process...

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1917 edition.

Logic, Probability, and Presumptions in Legal Reasoning

At least since plato and Aristotle, thinkers have pondered the relationship between philosophical arguments and the "sophistical" arguments offered by the Sophists -- who were the first professional lawyers. Judges wield substantial political power, and the justifications they offer for their decisions are a vital means by which citizens can assess the legitimacy of how that power is exercised. However, to evaluate judicial justifications requires close attention to the method of reasoning behind decisions. This new collection illuminates and explains the political and moral importance in justifying the exercise of judicial power.

However, to evaluate judicial justifications requires close attention to the method of reasoning behind decisions. This new collection illuminates and explains the political and moral importance in justifying the exercise of judicial power.

Extending Deontic Logic for the Formalisation of Legal Rules

This book describes extensions of deontic logic. Deontic logic is a branch of philosophical logic involving reasoning with norms, obligations, prohibitions and permissions. The extensions concern the logical structure of legal rules and legal reasoning. Their function is to improve the representation of legal knowledge and enhance deontic logic through increased expressibility. The resulting formulas acquire new meanings, not expressible in standard deontic logic, which are subject to fresh interpretations. The author offers an extensive analysis of the representation of actors, to whom the norms are directed, and authorities who enact the norms. Moreover, a distinction is made between enactment and applicability. A modality of enactment can be used to express inconsistent enacted norms in a consistent way. An authority-hierarchy is introduced to filter out the applicable norms from the set of enacted norms. Some related philosophical questions will be discussed regarding the applications of formalisms that are intrinsic to practical science with respect to `consistency' and `universality'. The formalisms and applications considered here are relevant for law, philosophy and computer science, with a special focus on the improvement of legal expert systems and intelligent support for legal professionals.

This book describes extensions of deontic logic.

Prinsip Sukses Orang Tionghoa

"Belajarlah sampai ke negeri Cina. Itu adalah salah satu kata bijak yang sering kita dengar. Tidak bisa dipungkiri orang Tionghoa yang ada di Indonesia pada umumnya terlihat seperti lebih mudah dalam mencapai kesuksesan hidup. Benarkah demikian? Ternyata tidak! Yang membuat mereka seakan-akan lebih cepat dan lebih mudah mencapai kesuksesan ternyata adalah kedisiplinannya dalam menerapkan suatu prinsip-prinsip dalam hidupnya. Prinsip-prinsip tersebut bukanlah mutlak milik orang Tionghoa, siapa pun bisa melakukannya kalau ada kemauan. Buku ini akan menjelaskan satu persatu prinsip-prinsip yang diterapkan oleh orang Tionghoa secara disiplin. Salah satu prinsipnya adalah ambil peluang yang ada secepat mungkin. Saat ini, Anda diperhadapkan pada sebuah peluang untuk memiliki buku ini. Jadi ambillah peluang ini secepatnya! Pergilah ke kasir dan bayarlah buku ini sebelum Anda kehabisan stok!"

"Belajarlah sampai ke negeri Cina.