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Nonmonotonic Logic and Rule-Based Legal Reasoning

This dissertation defends the use of nonmonotonic logic to represent rule-based legal reasoning, as exemplified by a particular, complex statute: the Internal Revenue Code. The dissertation motivates and provides a theoretical basis for formalizing the United States tax code (and perhaps other statutes). Formalization of statutory language will make statutes more precise. Formalized statutory language that tracks the actual structure of the tax law will make it easier for theoretical work to converge with the law, and may lay the groundwork to apply artificial intelligence to tax compliance and avoidance.To this end, the dissertation investigates and refines John Horty's work, especially Reasons as Defaults, with particular focus on examples in that book of inappropriate equilibria---scenarios that Horty's approach endorses that Horty finds problematic or unintuitive. The dissertation looks at Horty's work in service of applying Horty's work, and default logic more generally, to legal reasoning, and in particular rule-based legal reasoning.

This dissertation defends the use of nonmonotonic logic to represent rule-based legal reasoning, as exemplified by a particular, complex statute: the Internal Revenue Code.

Wrong Side of History

America's Alliance with Islamic Terrorists

"Over 4 Million Innocent People Will Be Slaughtered If Assad Falls," Senator Richard Black describing the misguided efforts of the United State's crusade to take out President Bashar al Assad of Syria. What you will not hear in the media, which will be shared with you in this book, is that the United States has formed an unwritten alliance with Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Turkey to take out Assad, the president of Syria. These three regimes are some of the most brutal, oppressive regimes that have ever existed in human history. It is well documented that they all have brutal dictatorships with aggressively oppressive governments. Senator Richard Black has studied Syria every day for the past 7 years. With his experience in the Middle East, as well as his day to day studies, he felt compelled in 2014 to write a letter directly to President Assad. The complete details of that letter is included in this book along with Senator Black's own words as to why he wrote the letter and what he hoped would come out of it. Not long after the letter was sent, President Assad reached out to Senator Black and invited him to visit the country. Consequently, Black went on a 3-day visit to meet and to talk with President Assad directly in Syria. You will learn what happened during that trip to Syria and what Senator Black learned about the country and about both Bashar al Assad and his wife Asma Assad. You will also learn how and why tensions between Russia and the United States have escalated unnecessarily and have become very serious. Black shares the downward path NATO has been on for the last three decades; from a defensive peace coalition to a brutal organization that continues war for its own survival. This ebook includes the transcript from an interview with Senator Richard Black on Business Game Changers radio with Sarah Westall. It also includes additional content and documents, including Black's letter to President Assad.

What you will not hear in the media, which will be shared with you in this book, is that the United States has formed an unwritten alliance with Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Turkey to take out Assad, the president of Syria.

The Fungi

Comprehensive coverage includes not only discussion of traditional and essential material, and classification and procedures for identification, but also the new science of gene cloning and the use of fungi as hosts in recombinant DNA technology. The Fungi is an essential text for students of microbiology and plant science, and an important reference for those with an interest in this fascinating class of microorganism.

The Fungi is an essential text for students of microbiology and plant science, and an important reference for those with an interest in this fascinating class of microorganism.

Gray Magic

A Stoner McTavish Mystery

After coming out to Gwen's grandmother, Stoner and Gwen head for Arizona to avoid the fallout. The vacation turns frightening when Stoner finds herself an unwitting combatant in the great struggle between Hopi Spirits of good and evil.

After coming out to Gwen's grandmother, Stoner and Gwen head for Arizona to avoid the fallout. The vacation turns frightening when Stoner finds herself an unwitting combatant in the great struggle between Hopi Spirits of good and evil.

LEMBAGA KEUANGAN BANK & NON BANK

Pada umumnya, setiap orang pasti tahu pengertian fungsi Bank adalah tempat menabung, menyimpan uang atau harta benda penting, serta tempat dimana kita dapat meminjam sejumlah uang dengan persyaratan tertentu. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka Istilah Lembaga keuangan diartikan sebagai perusahaan yang berkombinasi dengan berbagai sumber daya ekonomi (resources) seperti alam, tenaga kerja, modal, dan manajemen (managerial skill) dalam memproduksi barang dan jasa untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. Berdasarkan UU RI NO. 10 Tahun 1998: Bank adalah Badan usaha yg menghimpun dana dari masyarakat dalam bentuk simpanan dan menyalurkannya kepada masyarakat dalam bentuk kredit dan atau bentuk-bentuk lainnya dalam rangka meningkatkan taraf hidup rakyat banyak. Sedangkan Lembaga Keuangan non-BANK berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Menteri Keuangan RI No. KEP-38/MK/IV/I97 yang menjelaskan bahwa Lembaga Keuangan Bukan Bank (LKBB) adalah semua lembaga (badan) yang melakukan kegiatan dalam bidang keuangan yang secara langsung atau tidak langsung menghimpun dana dengan cara mengeluarkan surat-surat berharga, kemudian menyalurkan kepada masyarakat terutama untuk membiayai investasi perusahaan-perusahaan. Oleh Maka dari itu buku ini hadir kehadapan sidang pembaca sebagai bagian dari upaya diskusi sekaligus dalam rangka melengkapi khazanah keilmuan dibidang Lembaga keuangan, sehingga buku ini sangat cocok untuk dijadikan bahan acuan bagi kalangan intelektual dilingkungan perguruan tinggi ataupun praktisi yang berkecimpung langsung dibidang Lembaga keuangan.

Sedangkan Lembaga Keuangan non-BANK berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Menteri Keuangan RI No. KEP-38/MK/IV/I97 yang menjelaskan bahwa Lembaga Keuangan Bukan Bank (LKBB) adalah semua lembaga (badan) yang melakukan kegiatan dalam bidang keuangan ...

Perencanaan pembelajaran SD/MI

Perencanaan pembelajaran adalah proses pengambilan keputusan hasil berpikir secara rasional tentang sasaran dan tujuan pembelajaran tertentu, yakni perubahan perilaku serta rangkaian kegiatan yang harus dilaksanakan sebagai upaya pencapaian tujuan tersebut dengan memanfaatkan segala potensi dan sumber belajar yang ada. Hasil akhir dari proses pengambilan keputusan tersebut adalah tersusunnya dokumen dan dokumen tersebut dapat dijadikan sebagai acuan dan pedoman dalam melaksnakan proses pembelajaran.

Pengembangan Kurikulum, Buku Ajar Mata Kuliah Pengembangan Kurikulum PAI, tidak diterbitkan Permendikbud. 2016. Peraturan menteri pendidikan dan kebudayaan nomor 22 tahun 2016 tentang standar proses pendidikan dasar dan menengah.

Sistem Presidensial Indonesia dari Soekarno ke Jokowi (Edisi Revisi)

Sejak dimulainya reformasi tahun 1998, Indonesia memasuki fase sejarah politik baru. Salah satunya adalah upaya “pemurnian” sistem demokrasi presidensial melalui amandemen konstitusi sejak tahun 1999 hingga 2002. Sebagian besar upaya pemurnian sistem demokrasi presidensial melalui amandemen UUD 1945 dapat dikatakan berhasil. Pelembagaan tiga prinsip pokok sistem presidensial terpenuhi, yakni (1) presiden dipilih untuk masa jabatan yang bersifat tetap; (2) presiden dipilih secara langsung oleh rakyat atau melalui dewan pemilih (electoral college); dan (3) presiden merupakan kepala eksekutif yang bersifat tunggal. Tiga prinsip tersebut tidak hanya telah dilembagakan melalui perubahan pasal-pasal UUD 1945, melainkan juga telah diimplementasikan dalam praktik kehidupan politik bangsa Indonesia sejak Pemilu 2004. Namun demikian, obsesi untuk memurnikan dan memperkuat sistem demokrasi presidensial tidak sepenuhnya terpenuhi. Sistem saling mengawasi secara seimbang (checks and balances) antara lembaga eksekutif dan legislatif misalnya, tidak dilembagakan secara kuat karena presiden tidak memiliki hak veto. Selain itu, obsesi atas presidensialisme tidak didukung dengan pelembagaan sistem perwakilan dan sistem kepartaian yang compatible. Dalam konteks sistem kepartaian, praktik demokrasi presidensial cenderung terpenjara oleh sistem multipartai ekstrem yang menghasilkan struktur politik fragmentatif di parlemen. Buku ini hendak membahas dinamika dan efektivitas kinerja sistem demokrasi presidensial Indonesia dari masa ke masa atas dasar beragam faktor pengaruh yang dikemukakan tersebut. Secara teoritis sistem demokrasi presidensial dalam buku ini adalah sistem pemerintahan yang menempatkan Presiden sebagai pusat kekuasaan eksekutif sekaligus pusat kekuasaan negara. Atas dasar itu akan tampak mengapa pada waktu-waktu tertentu sistem presidensial bisa bekerja dan pada waktu atau periode lain tidak bisa bekerja. Juga menarik dikaji lebih jauh, aspek institusional dan noninstitusional yang perlu diperbaiki dalam rangka penyempurnaan sistem presidensial ke depan, sehingga pada akhirnya bisa mewadahi kebutuhan bangsa kita akan sebuah sistem pemerintahan yang tidak hanya demokratis, tetapi juga stabil dan efektif –dalam arti, bekerja untuk kepentingan rakyat.

... 101, 102, 119,144, 209 Partai Sosialis Indonesia (PSI) Peter Kasenda, 129 Piagam Jakarta, 31 presidensialisme, 6, ... 209, 238, 241, 264, 297, 302, 330, 359 dan pembangunan ekonomi, 239 gaya kepemimpinan, 231 struktur politik era, ...

Educational Psychology: History, Practice, Research, and the Future

A comprehensive introduction to educational psychology, this volume is inclusive of all of the essentials—covering history, profiles, theories, applications, research, case studies, current events, issues, controversies, and more. • Presents case studies that survey current social justice and educational equity issues • Includes a historical timeline that allows readers to understand how issues have developed over time • Offers a glossary of key terms that provides context for deeper understanding • Provides a resource list so readers can investigate issues on their own • Features a bibliography of citable resources that serves as a foundation for further research

A comprehensive introduction to educational psychology, this volume is inclusive of all of the essentials—covering history, profiles, theories, applications, research, case studies, current events, issues, controversies, and more.

Global Business Leadership

The second edition of this bestselling textbook has been fully updated with a synopsis of the latest changes in the fields of intercultural communication and leadership development. This includes new benchmark interviews from some of the world's foremost companies; a wealth of proven guidelines, tools, and models, including Wibbeke’s own Geoleadership Model and two new chapters focusing on the influence of gender and technology on culture and leadership. This new edition also emphasizes practical examples of individuals and organizations that have utilized the core concept of "geoleadership"—including updated research from those at the forefront of various industries, including finance, healthcare, and manufacturing. With contributions and endorsements from some of the most important thought leaders in leadership development and intercultural communication, this edition offers a resource for designing, delivering, and evaluating successful leadership theories and practices to both students and practitioners.

Her book, Global Leadership: The Next Generation, has been translated into Chinese and Polish and greatly supports and is in alignment with Global Business Leadership. Maya's insights for global leaders include a strong emphasis on ...