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Logic

Depth Grammar of Rationality : a Textbook on the Science and History of Logic

Thus traditionally , contextual reasoning has been treated in the very limiting area of disputation and , predominantly ... of witnesses and questioning their legal weight in the case ) and the 346 Logic : Depth Grammar of Rationality.

The Logic of Occurrence

A general problem in qualitative physics is determining the consequences of assumptions about the behavior of a system. If the space of behaviors is represented by an envisionment, many such consequences can be represented by pruning states from the envisionment. This paper provides a formal logic of occurrence which justifies the algorithms involved and provides a language for relating specific histories to envisionments. The concepts and axioms are general enough to be applicable to any system of qualitative physics. We further propose the concept of transverse quantities as a general solution to qualitative versions of Zeno's paradox. The utility of these ideas is illustrated by a rational reconstruction of the pruning algorithms used in FROB, a working AI program.

... one to allow reasoning with partial information : Axiom 5 ( InitialStates Existence ) | InitialStates ( R ) / 2 1 . ... We need to refine the notion of paths to include the notion of a legal path : Axiom 7 ( Path legality ) A path p ...

Soft Logic

The Epistemic Role of Aesthetic Criteria

Soft Logic is a fascinating study that links scientific and mathematical reasoning to literature and the arts. In this work, Joseph Grünfeld argues that justification by resemblance is more common in science than is generally recognized. That is, symbolic and metaphorical modes of thinking, which are largely analogical, often play a significant role in the interpretation of formal systems. Noting that twentieth century non-Aristotelian forms of reasoning have greatly expanded our understanding of what constitutes logic, Grünfeld explores a wide range of relevant topics, including reasonableness, metaphor, deconstruction, postmodernism, aesthetics, art, and philosophy. In the process, he identifies the postmodernist implications of modern logic and develops how they may be applied to both science and art. Scholars of philosophy, aesthetics, and art will find this comprehensive and insightful work thought provoking.

... and the question Where do we draw the line ? haunts black - and - white reasoning in a world of grays . ... Legal decisions are also fuzzy and relative ; courts convict persons who commit crimes with enough intent and acquit those ...

Logic

Logic is primarily about consistency - but not all types of consistency. For example if a man supports Arsenal one day and supports Spurs the next then he is fickle, but not necessarily illogical. The type of consistency which concerns logicians is not loyalty or justice or sincerity but compatibility of beliefs. Logic, therefore, involves studying the situations in which a sentence is true or valid and subsequently the rules which determine the validity or otherwise of a given argument.

As another example , English Law has been known to decide questions of reasonableness by appealing to what the man on the Clapham omnibus would have thought if he had been a ... Subjunctive conditionals appear also in moral reasoning .

The Logic of Science

Both in everyday speaking and writing , and in legal , historical and even scientific literature one encounters such phrases ... Evidently something else must be meant as a precise description of the nature of mathematical reasoning .

From Natural Language Processing to Logic for Expert Systems

A Logic Based Approach to Artificial Intelligence

Covers some of the most significant applications of artificial intelligence, namely: natural language processing, speech understanding, expert system design, requirement engineering, machine learning, truth maintenance systems, advanced concepts and methods of logic programming. Together with the previous two volumes edited by Thayse, this completes a comprehensive exposition of the subject of logics applied to AI.

They are , however , only a special case of non - monotonic reasoning , already studied in [ Thayse 88 , Chap . ... The difficulty of processing inheritance networks depends on the restrictions imposed on the nature of legal links and ...

Logic and Political Culture

Paperback. What has happened to the science of Logic, as an academic discipline and pursuit? The diagnoses do not coincide, but the recognition is growing that since the days of Mill, Russell or Beth, something has gone wrong. A logical vacuum - theoretical as well as practical - in large parts of contemporary culture is easily perceived and is particularly visible in politicis, precisely where logic as a science ought to make its greatest impact.The present volume offers analyses and reflections of various types, written by logicians and other analytical philosophers. Some analyse the logic of political activists and thinkers, or the political thought of a logician. Other chapters offer concrete logico-analytical studies of burning political issues of our time, emphasizing the possibilities for an advancement of logic in, and through parliamentary debate, and of the problems connected with this goal. The final part of the book looks at possib

Rawls ' Logic of Political Arguments : Political Justification Without Truth 1. ... 3 ( 1985 ) and ' The Idea of An Overlapping Consensus ' ( henceforth IOC ) , The Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 7 , No. 1 ( 1987 ) . type challenges to ...

Introduction to Logic

Predicate Logic

This clearly written book makes logic interesting and easier to learn without sacrificing content or rigor. KEY TOPICS: It covers symbolization, proofs, counterexamples, and truth trees. These topics are presented in graded steps, beginning with the symbolization of categorical propositions and concluding with the properties of relations. Logic is applied to materials with which readers will be familiar; both examples and exercises are drawn from newspapers, television, and other popular sources. MARKET: For individuals intrigued by the formal study of logic.

Russell's syllogism : Some ( d ) eductive arguments are not ( s ) yllogisms . ... ( Lx = x is a legal case of sterilization , Ax = x is done with court approval , Sx = x is a case of sterilization ) * 7 .

A Pragmatic Logic for Commands

The purpose of this essay is to both discuss commands as a species of speech act and to discuss commands within the broader framework of how they are used and reacted to.

The justification , in the logic of commands of this essay , is based on a missing premiss : the addressee obeys ( or ... it ) if it 107 does not contradict the first command ; that is to say , only if its mooted action ' A ' is legal .

Logic in Everyday Life

Practical Reasoning Skills

Practical Reasoning Skills Zachary Seech ... 35 In light of the fact that , 24 Incubation in problem solving , 246 , 249 , 251 Index to Legal Periodicals , 222 Inductive strength , 141 deductive certainty vs. , 66-91 evaluating , 66-72 ...