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Norms, Logics and Information Systems

New Studies in Deontic Logic and Computer Science

This book presents research in an interdisciplinary field, resulting from the vigorous and fruitful cross-pollination between traditional deontic logic and computer science. AI researchers have used deontic logic as one of the tools in modelling legal reasoning. Computer scientists have discovered that computer systems (including their interaction with other computer systems and with human agents) can often be productively modelled as norm-governed. So, for example, deontic logic has been applied by computer scientists for specifying bureaucratic systems, access and security policies, and soft design or integrity constraints, and for modelling fault tolerance. In turn, computer scientists and AI researchers have also discovered (and made it clear to the rest of us) that various formal tools (e.g. nonmonotonic, temporal and dynamic logics) developed in computer science and artificial intelligence have interesting applications to traditional issues in deontic logic. This volume presents some of the best work done in this area, with the selection at once reflecting the general interdisciplinary (and international) character that this area of research has taken on, as well as reflecting the more specific recent inter-disciplinary developments between traditional deontic logic and computer science.

This book presents research in an interdisciplinary field, resulting from the vigorous and fruitful cross-pollination between traditional deontic logic and computer science.

Meta-Programming in Logic

Third International Workshop, META-92, Uppsala, Sweden, June 10-12, 1992. Proceedings

This volume contains lectures and papers delivered at Meta 92, the Third International Workshop on Metaprogramming in Logic, held in Uppsala, Sweden,June 1992. The topics covered include foundations of metaprogramming in logic, proposals for metaprogramming languages, techniques for knowledgerepresentation and belief systems, and program transformation and analysis in logic. Particular topics include belief revision systems, intensionaldeduction, belief systems and metaprogramming, principles of partial deduction, termination in logic programs, semantics of the "vanilla" metainterpreter, a complete resolution method for metaprogramming, semanticsof "demo", hierarchical metalogics, the naming relation in metalevel systems, modules, reflective agents, compiler optimizations, metalogic and object-oriented facilities, parallel logic languages, the use of metaprogramming for legal reasoning, representing objects and inheritance, transformation of normal programs, negation in automatically generated logic programs, reordering of literals in deductive databases, abstract interpretations, and interarguments in constraint logic programs.

This volume contains lectures and papers delivered at Meta 92, the Third International Workshop on Metaprogramming in Logic, held in Uppsala, Sweden,June 1992.

Is Abortion Logical?

Believe it or not, logic plays a major part

Arguments in favor of abortion are humorously exposed as illogical, by way of compelling (but rather unusual) examples, logical reasoning and historical/legal research. Justifications for abortion which are shot down in this volume are: the 'right' of privacy; the assertion that 'it's my body and I can do what I want with it;' in vitro fertilization; social problems allegedly linked to fertility; the fallacy that unsafe abortions will occur if abortion is not legalized; and more.

Justifications for abortion which are shot down in this volume are: the 'right' of privacy; the assertion that 'it's my body and I can do what I want with it;' in vitro fertilization; social problems allegedly linked to fertility; the ...

Deontic Logic, Agency and Normative Systems

?EON ’96: Third International Workshop on Deontic Logic in Computer Science, Sesimbra, Portugal, 11 – 13 January 1996

This volume presents a variety of papers bearing on the relation between deontic logics, logics of action, and normative systems, i.e. systems of or about interacting agents (computers, human beings, corporations, etc.) whose behaviour is subject to ideal constraints that may not always be fulfilled in practice. The papers range from theoretical studies of the logical and conceptual tools needed, to studies of various applications. The set of papers collected in this book should be of interest to investigators working in a variety of fields, from philosophy, logic and legal theory to artificial intelligence, computer and management sciences, since it covers topics ranging from theoretical research on foundational issues in deontic and action logics, defeasible reasoning, decision theory, ethical theory, and legal theory, to research on a variety of issues relevant to applications connected with expert systems in the law, document specification, automation of defeasible reasoning, specification of responsibilities and powers in organizations, normative systems specification, confidentiality in database systems, and a host of other applications.

This volume presents a variety of papers bearing on the relation between deontic logics, logics of action, and normative systems, i.e. systems of or about interacting agents (computers, human beings, corporations, etc.) whose behaviour is ...

Every-day Reasoning, Or, The Science of Inductive Logic

Law , 115 . Dew , Well's theory of , 79 . Difference , method of , 58 . Rule of , 61 . Basis of , 63 . Arguments from answered , 166 . Difficulties of identifying causes , 42 . Direct proof , 165 . Documents interpret themselves , 156 .

Aristotle's Logic of Education

In <I>Aristotle's Logic of Education, Richard Bauman makes a contribution to both the history of logic and the philosophy of education. He argues that Aristotle, in the course of laying out his system of syllogistic inference, intends to guide the way science is taught, rather than how scientific research is conducted. The teacher is supposed to proceed by the method of demonstration from the appropriate necessary premises. Dr. Bauman contends that the problems raised in Plato's <I>Meno form the background for understanding Aristotle's presentation of logic in his <I>Posterior Analytics. In light of Bauman's interpretation, a fresh approach should be taken to the recurrent claim that syllogistic reasoning always involves committing the fallacy of <I>petitio principii. Finally, the author criticizes Aristotle's attempt to reduce both reasoning and teaching to singular patterns. In particular, Bauman argues that Aristotle fails to account adequately for the acquisition of first principles.

In Aristotle's Logic of Education, Richard Bauman makes a contribution to both the history of logic and the philosophy of education.

New Developments in Legal Reasoning and Logic

From Ancient Law to Modern Legal Systems

This book intends to unite studies in different fields related to the development of the relations between logic, law and legal reasoning. Combining historical and philosophical studies on legal reasoning in Civil and Common Law, and on the often neglected Arabic and Talmudic traditions of jurisprudence, this project unites these areas with recent technical developments in computer science. This combination has resulted in renewed interest in deontic logic and logic of norms that stems from the interaction between artificial intelligence and law and their applications to these areas of logic. The book also aims to motivate and launch a more intense interaction between the historical and philosophical work of Arabic, Talmudic and European jurisprudence. The publication discusses new insights in the interaction between logic and law, and more precisely the study of different answers to the question: what role does logic play in legal reasoning? Varying perspectives include that of foundational studies (such as logical principles and frameworks) to applications, and historical perspectives.

He also, however, introduces a counter-continuum, in which blind traditionalism leads to legal uniformity. 5.3 Conclusion Independent legal reasoning is a pivotal aspect of the conceptual genealogy of legal reasoning in the Jewish legal ...

Past and Present Interactions in Legal Reasoning and Logic

This volume explores the relation between legal reasoning and logic from both a historical and a systematic perspective. The topics addressed include, among others, conditional legal acts, disjunctions in legal acts, presumptions and conjectures, conflicts of values, Jørgensen ́s Dilemma, the Rhetor ́s Dilemma, the theory of legal fictions and the categorization of contracts. The unifying problematic of these contributions concerns the conditional structures and, more particularly, the relationship between legal theory and legal reasoning in the context of conditions. The contributions in this work constitute the first results of the ANR-DFG joint research project “JuriLog” (Jurisprudence and Logic), which aims at fostering the cooperation between legal scholars and philosophers. On the one hand, lawyers and legal scholars have an interest in emphasizing the logical character of legal reasoning. In this respect, the present enquiry examines the question of how logic, especially newer forms of dialogical logic, can be made fruitful as a significant area of philosophy for jurisprudence and legal practice. On the other hand, logicians find in legal reasoning a striving towards clear definitions and inference-procedures that is relevant to their discipline. In order to fully understand such reciprocal relationships, it is necessary to bridge the gap between law, logic and philosophy in contemporary academic research. The essays collected in this volume all work towards this common goal. The book is divided in three sections. In the first part, the strong relation between Roman Law and logic is explored with respect to the analysis of disjunctive statements in legal acts. The second part focuses on Leibniz ́s legal theory. The third part, finally, is dedicated to current interactions between law and logic.

Not only this framework allows us to respect the methodological abyss pointed out by Kelsen, but it also displays the interactions which are inherent to the legal reasoning. Our attempts are particularly directed to aspects concerning ...

The Use of Logic in Legal Reasoning

If the judge were , like a pure logician , to analyse all the possible alternative paths of justification , he might ... argued that there may be a difference in kind between " logically closed ” and “ logically open ” legal orders .