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Symbolic Logic and Other Forms of Deductive Reasoning

This text does not presuppose any technical background in math or logic. The first seven chapters cover all the basic components of a first course in symbolic logic, including truth tables, rules for devising formal proofs of validity, multiple quantifiers, properties of relations, enthymemes, and identity. (One exception is that truth trees are not discussed.) The five operator symbols used are: (.) and, (v) or, ( ) not, and also if-then, represented by the sideways U and material equivalence represented by the triple line. There are also four chapters which can be studied without symbolic logic background. Chapter 8 is a study of 7 immediate inferences in Aristotelian logic using A, E, I, O type statements with a detailed proof concerning what existential assumptions are involved. Chapter 9 is a study of classic Boolean syllogism using Venn diagrams to show the validity or invalidity of syllogisms. Chapter 10 is a study of the type of probability problems that are deductive (example: having 2 aces in 5 cards drawn from a randomized deck of cards). Chapter 11 is a study of the types of problems that are often found on standardized tests where certain data are given, and then multiple-choice questions are given where the single correct answer is determined by the data. In the symbolic logic chapters, it is shown many times how putting English statements into symbolic notation reveals the complexity (and sometimes ambiguity) of natural language. Many examples are given of the usage of logic in everyday life, with statements to translate taken from musicals, legal documents, federal tax instructions, etc. Several sections involve arguments given in English, which must be translated into symbolic notation before proof of validity is given. Chapter 7 ends with a careful presentation of Richard's Paradox, challenging those who dismiss the problem because it is not strictly mathematical. The conclusion of this chapter is the most controversial part of the text. Richard's paradox is used to construct a valid symbolic logic proof that Cantor's procedure does not prove there are nondenumerable sets, with a challenge to the reader to identify and prove which premise of the argument is false. There are several uncommon features of the text. For example, there is a section where it is shown how the rules of logic are used in solving Sudoku puzzles. Another section challenges students to devise arguments (premises and conclusion) that can be solved in a certain number of steps (say 3) only by using a certain 3 rules, one time each (for example, Modus Ponens, Simplification, and Conjunction). In proofs of invalidity, if there are 10 simple statements (for example), there are 1024 possible combinations of truth values that the 10 statements can have. But the premises and conclusions are set up so that only 1 of these combinations will make all the premises true and the conclusion false - and this 1 way can be found by forced truth-value assignments, with no need to take options. Another unusual section of the text defines the five operator symbols as relations (for example, Cxy = x conjuncted with y is true), and then statements about the operators are given to determine whether the statements are true or false. To aid in deciding what sections to cover in a given course or time frame, certain sections are labeled "optional" as an indication that understanding these sections is not presupposed by later sections in the text. Although there are a ton of problems with answers in the text, any teacher using this text for a course can receive free of charge an answer book giving answers to all the problems not answered in the text, plus a few cases of additional problems not given in the text, also with answers. Send your request to [email protected], and you will be sent an answer key using your address at the school where you teach.

This text does not presuppose any technical background in math or logic.

Aristotle's Logic of Education

In <I>Aristotle's Logic of Education, Richard Bauman makes a contribution to both the history of logic and the philosophy of education. He argues that Aristotle, in the course of laying out his system of syllogistic inference, intends to guide the way science is taught, rather than how scientific research is conducted. The teacher is supposed to proceed by the method of demonstration from the appropriate necessary premises. Dr. Bauman contends that the problems raised in Plato's <I>Meno form the background for understanding Aristotle's presentation of logic in his <I>Posterior Analytics. In light of Bauman's interpretation, a fresh approach should be taken to the recurrent claim that syllogistic reasoning always involves committing the fallacy of <I>petitio principii. Finally, the author criticizes Aristotle's attempt to reduce both reasoning and teaching to singular patterns. In particular, Bauman argues that Aristotle fails to account adequately for the acquisition of first principles.

In Aristotle's Logic of Education, Richard Bauman makes a contribution to both the history of logic and the philosophy of education.

Bruno, or On the Natural and Divine Principle of Things

Makes Schelling's dialogue Bruno readily accessible to the English-language reader, with valuable commentary on the work itself, which details Schelling's account of his differences from Fichte.

Makes Schelling's dialogue Bruno readily accessible to the English-language reader, with valuable commentary on the work itself, which details Schelling's account of his differences from Fichte.

Introductory Mathematics and Statistics for Islamic Finance

A unique primer on quantitative methods as applied to Islamicfinance Introductory Mathematics and Statistics for Islamic Finance +Website is a comprehensive guide to quantitative methods,specifically as applied within the realm of Islamic finance. Withapplications based on research, the book provides readers with theworking knowledge of math and statistics required to understandIslamic finance theory and practice. The numerous worked examplesgive students with various backgrounds a uniform set of commontools for studying Islamic finance. The in-depth study of finance requires a strong foundation inquantitative methods. Without a good grasp of math, probability,and statistics, published theoretical and applied works in Islamicfinance remain out of reach. Unlike a typical math text, this bookguides students through only the methods that directly apply toIslamic finance, without wasting time on irrelevant techniques.Each chapter contains a detailed explanation of the topic at hand,followed by an example based on real situations encountered inIslamic finance. Topics include: Algebra and matrices Calculus and differential equations Probability theory Statistics Written by leading experts on the subject, the book serves as auseful primer on the analysis methods and techniques students willencounter in published research, as well as day-to-day operationsin finance. Anyone aspiring to be successful in Islamic financeneeds these skills, and Introductory Mathematics and Statisticsfor Islamic Finance + Website is a clear, concise, and highlyrelevant guide.

... entrepreneurship, technology, weather, taxation, and soon. Fromthe demand andsupply functions we obtain an excess demand function, defined as the difference between demand and supply, If supply exceeds demand, prices drop; ...

EC Research Funding

A Guide for Applicants

2.1 ESPRIT II European Strategic Programme for Research and development in Information Technologies Information ... artificial intelligence and cognitive science , the application of solid state physics to IT , advanced systems design ...

From EC to EU

An Historical and Political Survey

Provides a superb historical overview of European integration, focusing on key episodes and crises as much as on 'grand designs'. McAllister shows how key developments have frequently been unforeseen, and driven by events not plans.

Provides a superb historical overview of European integration, focusing on key episodes and crises as much as on 'grand designs'. McAllister shows how key developments have frequently been unforeseen, and driven by events not plans.

Information and Communication Technology

Second IFIP TC 5/8 International Conference, ICT-EurAsia 2014, Bali, Indonesia, April 14-17, 2014, Proceedings

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second IFIP TC 5/8 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology, ICT-Eur Asia 2014, with the collocation of Asia ARES 2014 as a special track on Availability, Reliability and Security, held in Bali, Indonesia, in April 2014. The 70 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers have been organized in the following topical sections: applied modeling and simulation; mobile computing; advanced urban-scale ICT applications; semantic web and knowledge management; cloud computing; image processing; software engineering; collaboration technologies and systems; e-learning; data warehousing and data mining; e-government and e-health; biometric and bioinformatics systems; network security; dependable systems and applications; privacy and trust management; cryptography; multimedia security and dependable systems and applications.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second IFIP TC 5/8 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology, ICT-Eur Asia 2014, with the collocation of Asia ARES 2014 as a special track on Availability, ...

GCSE ICT--information Communication Technology

The revision guide

A revision guide covering various things from ROM and RAM to Networks, Databases and Internet. It offers concise explanations and study notes on the jargon. It is useful for students to work through at home in the run-up to exams.

A revision guide covering various things from ROM and RAM to Networks, Databases and Internet. It offers concise explanations and study notes on the jargon. It is useful for students to work through at home in the run-up to exams.

KS2 ICT Information Communication Technology

The study book

KS2 ICT Study Guide

Information and Communication Technology

International Conference, ICT-EurAsia 2013, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, March 25-29, 2013, Proceedings

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technology, ICT-EurAsia 2013, and the collocation of AsiaARES 2013 as a special track on Availability, Reliability, and Security, held in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, in March 2013. The 62 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from a numerous submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on e-society, software engineering, security and privacy, cloud and internet computing, knowledge management, dependable systems and applications, cryptography, privacy and trust management, network analysis and security, and multimedia security.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technology, ICT-EurAsia 2013, and the collocation of AsiaARES 2013 as a special track on Availability, Reliability, and Security ...