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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam provides both an overview and a comprehensive and detailed survey of the main features of philosophy, science, medicine and technology in the Muslim world. The level of entries are scholarly, based on primary and secondary sources, and aimed at advanced students of Islamic philosophy and science. The selection of entries as well as their content reflect the highest academic standards and most recent research in the field, providing scholars and advanced students with in-depth surveys on the most important issues in the study of these topics, serving as the authoritative reference work on this important area of research.

of Islamic education can be divided into three broad periods: The prophetic period, which began with the revelation in 610 ... The classical period, which covers the greater part of the history of science education in the Muslim world, ...

Philosophy in the Islamic World

A history of philosophy without any gaps

The latest in the series based on the popular History of Philosophy podcast, this volume presents the first full history of philosophy in the Islamic world for a broad readership. It takes an approach unprecedented among introductions to this subject, by providing full coverage of Jewish and Christian thinkers as well as Muslims, and by taking the story of philosophy from its beginnings in the world of early Islam all the way through to the twentieth century. Major figures like Avicenna, Averroes, and Maimonides are covered in great detail, but the book also looks at less familiar thinkers, including women philosophers. Attention is also given to the philosophical relevance of Islamic theology (kalam) and mysticism—the Sufi tradition within Islam, and Kabbalah among Jews—and to science, with chapters on disciplines like optics and astronomy. The book is divided into three sections, with the first looking at the first blossoming of Islamic theology and responses to the Greek philosophical tradition in the world of Arabic learning. This 'formative period' culminates with the work of Avicenna, the pivotal figure to whom most later thinkers feel they must respond. The second part of the book discusses philosophy in Muslim Spain (Andalusia), where Jewish philosophers come to the fore, though this is also the setting for such thinkers as Averroes and Ibn Arabi. Finally, a third section looks in unusual detail at later developments, touching on philosophy in the Ottoman, Mughal, and Safavid empires and showing how thinkers in the nineteenth to the twentieth century were still concerned to respond to the ideas that had animated philosophy in the Islamic world for centuries, while also responding to political and intellectual challenges from the European colonial powers.

The latest in the series based on the popular History of Philosophy podcast, this volume presents the first full history of philosophy in the Islamic world for a broad readership.

The Moral Imagination

The Art and Soul of Building Peace

Originally published in hardcover in 2005.

We soon discovered we were both interested in philosophy and Sufism. Our meeting went from an agreed twenty minutes to two and a half hours. In this part of the world you have to circle into truth through stories.

Exemplarist Moral Theory

In this book Linda Zagzebski presents an original moral theory based on direct reference to exemplars of goodness, modeled on the Putnam-Kripke theory which revolutionized semantics in the seventies. In Exemplarist Moral Theory, exemplars are identified through the emotion of admiration, which Zagzebski argues is both a motivating emotion and an emotion whose cognitive content permits the mapping of the moral domain around the features of exemplars. Using examples of heroes, saints, and sages, Zagzebski shows how narratives of exemplars and empirical work on the most admirable persons can be incorporated into the theory for both the theoretical purpose of generating a comprehensive theory, and the practical purpose of moral education and self-improvement. All basic moral terms, including "good person," "virtue," "good life," "right act," and "wrong act" are defined by the motives, ends, acts, or judgments of exemplars, or persons like that. The theory also generates an account of moral learning through emulation of exemplars, and Zagzebski defends a principle of the division of moral linguistic labor, which gives certain groups of people in a linguistic community special functions in identifying the extension or moral terms, spreading the stereotype associated with the term through the community, or providing the reasoning supporting judgments using those terms. The theory is therefore semantically externalist in that the meaning of moral terms is determined by features of the world outside the mind of the user, including features of exemplars and features of the social linguistic network linking users of the terms to exemplars. The book ends with suggestions about versions of the theory that are forms of moral realism, including a version that supports the existence of necessary a posteriori truths in ethics.

... 19 on virtue and flourishing, 157 Strauss, Leo, 96–97 Sufism, 1, 2n1 Summa Theologiae (Aquinas), 166, 177 superficial features, 12–13, 91, 104 Swanton, Christine, 160–62, 169 Swartwood, Jason, 94–95 Sweetman, Joseph, 48n21 sympathy, ...

Basic Concepts of Criminal Law

In the United States today criminal justice can vary from state to state, as various states alter the Modern Penal Code to suit their own local preferences and concerns. In Eastern Europe, the post-Communist countries are quickly adopting new criminal codes to reflect their specific national concerns as they gain autonomy from what was once a centralized Soviet policy. As commonalities among countries and states disintegrate, how are we to view the basic concepts of criminal law as a whole? Eminent legal scholar George Fletcher acknowledges that criminal law is becoming increasingly localized, with every country and state adopting their own conception of punishable behavior, determining their own definitions of offenses. Yet by taking a step back from the details and linguistic variations of the criminal codes, Fletcher is able to perceive an underlying unity among diverse systems of criminal justice. Challenging common assumptions, he discovers a unity that emerges not on the surface of statutory rules and case law but in the underlying debates that inform them. Basic Concepts of Criminal Law identifies a set of twelve distinctions that shape and guide the controversies that inevitably break out in every system of criminal justice. Devoting a chapter to each of these twelve concepts, Fletcher maps out what he considers to be the deep structure of all systems of criminal law. Understanding these distinctions will not only enable students to appreciate the universal fundamental ideas of criminal law, but will enable them to understand the significance of local details and variations. This accessible illustration of the unity of diverse systems of criminal justice will provoke and inform students and scholars of law and the philosophy of law, as well as lawyers seeking a better understanding of the law they practice.

In this text, Fletcher maintains that there is much greater unity among diverse systems of criminal justice than commonly realized, and that any adequate system of criminal law must address a set of universal, basic issues.

International Criminal Law

This volume clearly sets out the international criminal law framework, featuring tools to consider and assess the current status of the law and encourage critical analysis of the latest debates affecting the subject area.

This volume clearly sets out the international criminal law framework, featuring tools to consider and assess the current status of the law and encourage critical analysis of the latest debates affecting the subject area.

Criminal Law

Criminal Law, now in its fourteenth edition, has been providing students with a readable and reliable introduction to this fascinating subject for over twenty-five years. This thorough text enables readers to feel confident in their knowledge of the law, while its concise approach ensures that they are not overwhelmed. The author's lively writing style and thought-provoking commentary on judicial and legal decisions means that the text is entertaining as well as accurate. New to this edition is an expanded introductory chapter offering students an in-depth contextual understanding of the principles underpinning the law and the social context in which they function. New end-of-chapter 'The law in context' features expand on this initial investigation offering students further contextual insights into the law under discussion. The text includes other helpful features, including, highlighted case fact summaries, questions, examples, and key points. These features ensure that the information provided is broken down and easy to comprehend. Further reading sections provide students with a carefully selected starting point for further research. In short, any student studying criminal law for the first time should not be without this book. Online Resource Centre www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/orc/allen14e/ This text is accompanied by a selection of online resources to support and further student learning, including - DT Multiple choice questions DT Legal updates DT An additional chapter on Misuse of Drugs Act Offences

Criminal Law combines succinct focused coverage with the author's respected critique and analysis of the law, judgments, and legal reform.

Distributive Principles of Criminal Law

Who Should be Punished, how Much?

Drawing from the existing theoretical literature and adding to it recent insights from the social sciences, Paul Robinson describes the nature of the practical challenge in setting rational punishment principles, how past efforts have failed, and the alternatives that have been tried.

This long-awaited volume is a brilliant synthesis of social science research and legal reasoning that brings together three decades of work in a compelling line of argument that addresses all of the important issues in assessing liability ...

Cases and Materials on Criminal Law

An array of carefully selected case report and academic article extracts combined with author commentary to provide a thorough and engaging assessment of criminal law provisions.

An array of carefully selected case report and academic article extracts combined with author commentary to provide a thorough and engaging assessment of criminal law provisions.

The Realm of Criminal Law

We are said to face a crisis of over-criminalization: our criminal law has become chaotic, unprincipled, and over-expansive. This book proposes a normative theory of criminal law, and of criminalization, that shows how criminal law could be ordered, principled, and restrained. The theory is based on an account of criminal law as a distinctive legal practice that functions to declare and define a set of public wrongs, and to call to formal public account those who commit such wrongs; an account of the role that such practice can play in a democratic republic of free and equal citizens; and an account of the central features of such a political community, and of the way in which it constitutes its public realm-its civil order. Criminal law plays an important, but limited, role in such a political community in protecting, but also partly constituting, its civil order. On the basis of this account, we can see how such a political community will decide what kinds of conduct should be criminalized - not by applying one or more of the substantive master principles that theorists have offered, but by considering which kinds of conduct fall within its public realm (as distinct from the private realms that are not the polity's business), and which kinds of wrong within that realm require this distinctive kind of response (rather than one of the other kinds of available response). The outcome of such a deliberative process will probably be a more limited, and a more rational and principled, criminal law.

This book proposes a normative theory of criminal law, and of criminalization, that shows how criminal law could be ordered, principled, and restrained.