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Quality of Service Performance of ATM and IP.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) with its Constant Bit Rate (CBR) and Variable Bit Rate (VBR) services is a network architecture tailored to real-time applications. The Internet Protocol (IP) systems--though initially designed for non-real-time data--are now being augmented with Integrated Services IP (IntServ) and Differentiated Services IP (DiffServ) in order to support these applications. Given the network circumstances, what Quality of Service (QoS) should the real-time applications expect from the above services? Can these services commit to the requested QoS of the real-time applications? This thesis attempts to answer the above questions by evaluating and modeling the performance of the underlying ATM and IP layers. We study the phase dependency in the CBR delay process, and propose a Gamma distribution to model this process. The generality of this model over variety of ATM network scenarios is tested. We analyze and formulate the Cell Delay Variation (CDV) of CBR and VBR connections. We demonstrate that the receiver-time can be divided into several epochs. We find a periodic behavior in the cell-delay-correlation of a CBR connection when being multiplexed with similar (homogeneous) connections. Next, we consider a heterogeneous environment consisting of ATM and IP networks. Resources at both ATM and IP nodes (switches) are reserved by the Guaranteed Service IP, one of the two services comprising IntServ. The essential factors in this investigation are the overhead of various protocol layers and the size of the packets generated by the application. Insofar as packet delay-jitter is concerned, the performance of IP-over-ATM is very close to that of the native ATM. Although, the buffer size requirement of the native ATM is considerably less, IP-over-ATM can still be superior because of the low memory cost. We implement the DiffServ framework comprised of Premium, Assured, and Best effort service classes. We demonstrate the superiority of Diffserv over the per-flow services. We investigate the ability of the RIO ('Random Early Discard with In and Out') mechanism to effectively discriminate the Assured traffic from the multiplexing best-effort traffic. We dynamically measure the traffic existing inside the network, and apply the measurement to the network control mechanisms. We examine the Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) mechanism with dynamic weight assignment. We find that WFQ can only marginally improve the network performance. Finally, we show that shaping a Premium flow can exceedingly increase the overall packet delay and jitter. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) with its Constant Bit Rate (CBR) and Variable Bit Rate (VBR) services is a network architecture tailored to real-time applications.

ATM Locator Mobile Application

Global Positioning System (GPS) is has been widely used in many fields. At first, it is used for the purpose of military forces needs. Then, the uses of GPS has extended into people's lifestyle, where they can use it for hiking purpose, as traveling direction, and etc. Besides that, it is useful for user to search for nearby amenities - restaurants, petrol stations, banks and more, especially for someone who is unfamiliar to new location. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to propose an ATM locator for mobile application. Developed methods are entirely mobile web-based. This system will instantly tells the user where does the closest ATM located from their current location. Hence, this system is developed slight similar to the existing system like Maybank ATM locator, where this proposed system can locate all kind of Bank company's ATM instead of only the Maybank ATM. Besides that, it is a hybrid mobile application. Hybrid app is a native, downloadable app and it uses both browser interfaces and native mobile components. With HTML5 and JavaScripts, the browsers are becoming capable of accessing a phone's built-in features like contacts, camera etc. In order to keep the timeline for this system to be finish at the appointed time. So, a System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) was referred.

Therefore, the aim of this paper is to propose an ATM locator for mobile application. Developed methods are entirely mobile web-based. This system will instantly tells the user where does the closest ATM located from their current location.

Moneymover ATM Introduction

Though leading its competitors in deposits, FNB was not perceived as a market leader because it had no automatic teller services. To enchance its image an an innovator, appeal to ATM users, and improve its geographic penetration, FNB introduced ATMs in late 1982. Specifically, the bank wanted to activate 8000 cards and achieve a monthly transaction rate of 4000 by the end of 1982. Employees at all levels received sales training, a personal demonstration of an ATM and a cash incentive for every customer they signed up. Statement stuffers and direct mail announced and explained MoneyMover Cards to customers. Advertising to the general public was done via newspapers, radio and billboards. The results of the campaign showed that 8100 cards had been activated and there were 4500 transactions per month by the end of 1982, and 5500 transactions per month by May 1983. In addition, staffing at ATM locations held constant or was reduced.

Specifically, the bank wanted to activate 8000 cards and achieve a monthly transaction rate of 4000 by the end of 1982.

An Emperical [i.e. Empirical] Study of Video Application Performance Over ATM and Ethernet Networks

Abstract: "Over the past few years, there has been a strong and growing interest in faster network technologies such as FDDI and ATM. However, the perceived throughput at the application level has not always increased accordingly. Various performance bottlenecks have been encountered each of which has to be analysed and corrected. This paper presents a performance evaluation of continuous video data streams over ATM networks and compares them with similar experiments over Ethernet networks. The ATM LAN testbed for these experiments consists of three SG R4000 Indigos workstations connected by ATM Fore first generation interface cards and a Synoptics ATM switch. It is expected that video applications would run faster on ATM networks than Ethernet networks. A preliminary examination suggested to us that data movements through the protocol stack and the processing overheads were considerably high and that with some parameter settings, experiments with Ethernet would perform four to five times better than those with ATM. To address and explore this issue, a packetisation process has been added within the video application that would split each video frame into a number of packets. We show that by implementing a packetisation process at the application level, the end host is able to deliver cells at a faster rate. The sensitivity of these parameters, and also the overheads involved are discussed. The results are consistent over a range of video frame sizes: CIF(25 K), QCIF(101 K), and SCIF(405 K)."

Abstract: "Over the past few years, there has been a strong and growing interest in faster network technologies such as FDDI and ATM. However, the perceived throughput at the application level has not always increased accordingly.

Implementing and Testing ATM in a Production LAN.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology is currently receiving extensive attention in the computer networking arena. Many experts predict that ATM will be the future networking technology for both the Local Area Network (LAN) and the Wide Area Network (WAN). This paper presents the results of a collaboration between Sandia National Laboratories' Advanced Networking Department and Engineering Sciences Center to study the implementation of ATM in one of Sandia's most heavily loaded production networks. The network consists of over 120 Sun Sparc 10s and 20s, two SparcCenter 2000s, a 12 node parallel IBM SP-2, and several other miscellaneous high-end workstations. The existing network was first characterized through extensive traffic measurements to better understand the capabilities and limitations of the existing network technologies and to provide a baseline for comparison to an ATM network. This characterization was used to select a subset of the network elements which would benefit most from conversion to the ATM technology. This subset was then converted to equipment based on the latest ATM standards. With direct OC-3c (155 Mbps) host connections for the workstations and the file and compute servers, we demonstrated as much as 122 Mbps throughput (memory-to-memory TCP/IP transfers) between endpoints. Flow control in the classical many-to-one client server environment was also investigated. Throughout all of our tests, the interaction of the user applications with the network technologies was documented and possible improvements were tested. The performance and reliability of the ATM network was compared to the original network to determine the benefits and liabilities of the ATM technology.

This characterization was used to select a subset of the network elements which would benefit most from conversion to the ATM technology. This subset was then converted to equipment based on the latest ATM standards.

LAN Emulation Over ATM on HP-UX.

Abstract: "To aid the early adoption of ATM technology as a local area network the ATM Forum has defined the LAN Emulation over ATM specification which aims to present a service interface more compatible with that of previous LANs.

The Welfare Consequences of ATM Surcharges

Evidence from a Structural Entry Model

We estimate a structural model of the market for automatic teller machines (ATMs) in order to evaluate the implications of regulating ATM surcharges on ATM entry and consumer and producer surplus. We estimate the model using data on firm and consumer locations, and identify the parameters of the model by exploiting a source of local quasi-experimental variation, that the state of Iowa banned ATM surcharges during our sample period while the state of Minnesota did not. We develop new econometric methods that allow us to estimate the parameters of equilibrium models without computing equilibria. Monte Carlo evidence shows that the estimator performs well. We find that a ban on ATM surcharges reduces ATM entry by about 12 percent, increases consumer welfare by about 10 percent and lowers producer profits by about 10 percent. Total welfare remains about the same under regimes that permit or prohibit ATM surcharges and is about 17 percent lower than the surplus maximizing level. This paper can help shed light on the theoretically ambiguous implications of free entry on consumer and producer welfare for differentiated products industries in general and ATMs in particular.

We estimate a structural model of the market for automatic teller machines (ATMs) in order to evaluate the implications of regulating ATM surcharges on ATM entry and consumer and producer surplus.

A Study on Multi Phase Security Solutions to ATM Banking Systems

The growth in electronic transactions and banking system has resulted in greater demand for fast access of banking transactions with the aid of Automated Teller Machine (ATM). The quick increment in the utilization of ATM transactions has been closely followed by the increase in ATM frauds. The security problem and fraudulent transactions are the biggest deterrents in the continuous or widespread us e of ATM transactions. For the security of ATM just possession of password or prior knowledge of computer systems or ATM machines not altogether enough. In ATM, security is essential in different aspects including physical machines, transactions, user authentication and integrity and finally user security itself. Hence fraud prevention and security has become essential ingredients in order to increase the number of ATM users and to improve client trust and confidence over ATM's. This paper explains about and examines the different types of security breaches in ATM banking systems. This paper also expounds improved security solutions to ATM's in multiphase's, which take into accounts all the aspects of security in all fields of ATM banking system, which is derived through focus group interaction. This paper could assume a functioning job in genuine research on ATM transaction framework security.

The growth in electronic transactions and banking system has resulted in greater demand for fast access of banking transactions with the aid of Automated Teller Machine (ATM).