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Beyond open access: visions for open evaluation of scientific papers by post-publication peer review

A scientific publication system needs to provide two basic services: access and evaluation. The traditional publication system restricts the access to papers by requiring payment, and it restricts the evaluation of papers by relying on just 2-4 pre-publication peer reviews and by keeping the reviews secret. As a result, the current system suffers from a lack of quality and transparency of the peer-review evaluation process, and the only immediately available indication of a new paper’s quality is the prestige of the journal it appeared in. Open access is now widely accepted as desirable and is slowly beginning to become a reality. However, the second essential element, evaluation, has received less attention. Open evaluation, an ongoing post-publication process of transparent peer review and rating of papers, promises to address the problems of the current system. However, it is unclear how exactly such a system should be designed. The evaluation system steers the attention of the scientific community and, thus, the very course of science. For better or worse, the most visible papers determine the direction of each field and guide funding and public policy decisions. Evaluation, therefore, is at the heart of the entire endeavor of science. As the number of scientific publications explodes, evaluation and selection will only gain importance. A grand challenge of our time, therefore, is to design the future system, by which we evaluate papers and decide which ones deserve broad attention. So far scientists have left the design of the evaluation process to journals and publishing companies. However, the steering mechanism of science should be designed by scientists. The cognitive, computational, and brain sciences are best prepared to take on this task, which will involve social and psychological considerations, software design, and modeling of the network of scientific papers and their interrelationships. This Research Topic in Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience collects visions for a future system of open evaluation. Because critical arguments about the current system abound, these papers will focus on constructive ideas and comprehensive designs for open evaluation systems. Design decisions include: Should the reviews and ratings be entirely transparent, or should some aspects be kept secret? Should other information, such as paper downloads be included in the evaluation? How can scientific objectivity be strengthened and political motivations weakened in the future system? Should the system include signed and authenticated reviews and ratings? Should the evaluation be an ongoing process, such that promising papers are more deeply evaluated? How can we bring science and statistics to the evaluation process (e.g. should rating averages come with error bars)? How should the evaluative information about each paper (e.g. peer ratings) be combined to prioritize the literature? Should different individuals and organizations be able to define their own evaluation formulae (e.g. weighting ratings according to different criteria)? How can we efficiently transition toward the future system? Ideally, the future system will derive its authority from a scientific literature on community-based open evaluation. We hope that these papers will provide a starting point.

Design decisions include: Should the reviews and ratings be entirely transparent, or should some aspects be kept secret? Should other information, such as paper downloads be included in the evaluation?

Unpublished Scientific Papers of Isaac Newton

A Selection from the Portsmouth Collection in the University Library, Cambridge

First published in 1962, this volume collects together some of Newton's most important scientific papers. Chosen primarily to illustrate Newton's ideas on the nature of matter, the papers afford valuable insights into Newton's development as a scientist and his ideas of the world that science explores. The six sections are entitled: Mathematics, Mechanics, Theory of Matter, Manuscripts related to the Principia, Education and Notes. Each section has a critical introduction to set the manuscripts in perspective and to discuss their implications. English translations of the Latin documents are given.

First published in 1962, this volume collects together some of Newton's most important scientific papers.

PEDOMAN PENULISAN TUGAS AKHIR MAHASISWA FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

Tugas Akhir adalah bagian dari kurikulum pendidikan di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang sebagai konsekuensi dari visi dan misi yang telah dicanangkan oleh Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Melalui kegiatan tugas akhir, mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang mampu melakukan penelitian dan menulis karya ilmiah dari hasil penelitiannya dengan menerapkan metode penelitian dan penulisan karya ilmiah yang baik dan benar. Penulisan tugas akhir harus memenuhi kaidah-kaidah penulisan karya ilmiah yang telah menjadi kelaziman dalam masyarakat ilmiah. Buku ini menyajikan pedoman-pedoman yang sifatnya umum untuk penulisan tugas akhir. Modifikasi spesifik dan variasi dimungkinkan sepanjang masih dalam koridor kelaziman ilmiah. Dengan demikian diharapkan semua mahasiswa dan pembimbing tugas akhir di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang yang menulis tugas akhir mengacu pada Buku Pedoman ini. Pada masa mendatang, Buku Pedoman Penulisan Tugas Akhir ini akan terus disempurnakan, dengan harapan dapat membantu mahasiswa menulis tugas akhir dan tulisan yang dihasilkan semakin berkualitas. Akhirnya, tim penyusun mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam penyusunan Buku Pedoman Penulisan Tugas Akhir ini.

Tugas Akhir adalah bagian dari kurikulum pendidikan di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang sebagai konsekuensi dari visi dan misi yang telah dicanangkan oleh Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

Vocational Education Amendments of 1968, Hearings Before the General Subcommittee on Education...on H.R. 16460

32 The decision to initiate a farm management education program in a community is based on the same decision rule as that used by the farm family ; the sum of the benefits must exceed the sum of the costs .

The Definitive Guide to HR Management Tools (Collection)

A brand new collection of high-value HR techniques, skills, strategies, and metrics… now in a convenient e-format, at a great price! HR management for a new generation: 6 breakthrough eBooks help you help your people deliver more value on every metric that matters This unique 6 eBook package presents all the tools you need to tightly link HR strategy with business goals, systematically optimize the value of all your HR investments, and take your seat at the table where enterprise decisions are made. In The Definitive Guide to HR Communication: Engaging Employees in Benefits, Pay, and Performance, Alison Davis and Jane Shannon help you improve the effectiveness of every HR message you deliver. Learn how to treat employees as customers… clarify their needs and motivations … leverage the same strategies and tools your company uses to sell products and services… package information for faster, better decision-making… clearly explain benefits, pay, and policies… improve recruiting, orientation, outplacement, and much more. In Investing in People, Second Edition, Wayne Cascio and John W. Boudreau help you use metrics to improve HR decision-making, optimize organizational effectiveness, and increase the value of strategic investments. You'll master powerful solutions for integrating HR with enterprise strategy and budgeting -- and for gaining commitment from business leaders outside HR. In Financial Analysis for HR Managers, Dr. Steven Director teaches the financial analysis skills you need to become a true strategic business partner, and get boardroom and CFO buy-in for your high-priority initiatives. Director covers everything HR pros need to formulate, model, and evaluate HR initiatives from a financial perspective. He walks through crucial financial issues associated with strategic talent management, offering cost-benefit analyses of HR and strategic financial initiatives, and even addressing issues related to total rewards programs. In Applying Advanced Analytics to HR Management Decisions , pioneering HR technology expert James C. Sesil shows how to use advanced analytics and "Big Data" to optimize decisions about performance management, strategy alignment, collaboration, workforce/succession planning, talent acquisition, career development, corporate learning, and more. You'll learn how to integrate business intelligence, ERP, Strategy Maps, Talent Management Suites, and advanced analytics -- and use them together to make far more robust choices. In Compensation and Benefit Design , world-renowned compensation expert Bashker D. Biswas helps you bring financial rigor to compensation and benefit program development. He introduces a powerful Human Resource Life Cycle Model for considering compensation and benefit programs… fully addresses issues related to acquisition, general compensation, equity compensation, and pension accounting… assesses the full financial impact of executive compensation and employee benefit programs… and discusses the unique issues associated with international HR programs. Finally, in People Analytics, Ben Waber helps you discover powerful hidden social "levers" and networks within your company, and tweak them to dramatically improve business performance and employee fulfillment. Drawing on his cutting-edge work at MIT and Harvard, Waber shows how sensors and analytics can give you an unprecedented understanding of how your people work and collaborate, and actionable insights for building a more effective, productive, and positive organization. Whatever your HR role, these 6 eBooks will help you apply today's most advanced innovations and best practices to optimize workplace performance -- and drive unprecedented business value. From world-renowned human resources experts Alison Davis, Jane Shannon, Wayne Cascio, John W. Boudreau, Steven Director, James C. Sesil, Bashker D. Biswas, and Ben Waber .

In The Definitive Guide to HR Communication: Engaging Employees in Benefits, Pay, and Performance, Alison Davis and Jane Shannon help you improve the effectiveness of every HR message you deliver.

Vocational Education. Hearing ... on H.R. 10821... May 7-14, 1930.(71-2).

Adults employed in trade and industrial pursuits are divided into several classifications for the purpose of promoting vocational education of trade - extension nature . One classification is : ( 1 ) Management ; ( 2 ) working force .

Hearings before the Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, first session, on H.R. 15, to extend for five years certain elementary, secondary, and other education programs ....

387 Statement of Alford , Dr. Albert L. , Assistant Commissioner , Legislation , U.S. Office of Education , accompanied by Ann Bailey , Committee Management Officer , U.S. Office of Education , HEW 389 Awsumb , Gwen , chairperson ...

Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, First Session, on H.R. 15, to Extend for Five Years Certain Elementary, Secondary, and Other Education Programs ...: Paperwork problems in elementary and secondary education

AND EVALUATION FORMS USED BY THE OFFICE OF EDUCATION FOR COLLECTING DATA RELATING TO SELECTED ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY ... PROGRAM MANAGEMENT , Manhours ( 0008 ) Program Management Type of Assistance Authorizing Legislation Application ...

Excerpt of a Report on the Education Amendments of 1978, H.R. 15, Together with Additional and Supplemental Views ...

The State educational agency is the appropriate agency to perform these functions , and is required to do so as part of its ... The NIE report on Administration of Compensatory Education examined the Federal statute , the regulations ...