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Social Movements and Social Change

This book of readings is designed as a supplement to a general social change or specific social movement text. It is thus intended as an important first contribution to bridging the intradis­ciplinary gap in sociology. The 14 pre­viously published and original contri­butions brought together here are grouped under 4 main divisions: (1) the impact of change upon movements, (2) movement strategies for change, (3) the effects of movements on change, and (4) the consequences of effecting change. The editor has contributed an extensive introduction on the interrela­tionships of change and a concluding chapter summarizing directions for the future. By providing a broad range of movements and a number of different social contexts he has provided a highly stimulating selection of readings.

This book of readings is designed as a supplement to a general social change or specific social movement text. It is thus intended as an important first contribution to bridging the intradis­ciplinary gap in sociology.

The Diffusion of Social Movements

Actors, Mechanisms, and Political Effects

It is widely recognized that social movements may spread - or 'diffuse' - from one site to another. Such diffusion, however, is a complex and multidimensional process that involves different actors, networks, and mechanisms. This complexity has spawned a large body of literature on different aspects of the diffusion process, yet a comprehensive framework remains an elusive target. This book is a response to that need, and its framework focuses on three basic analytical questions. First, what is being diffused? Second, how does diffusion occur? Finally, what is the impact of diffusion on organizational development and shifts in the scale of contentious politics? This volume suggests that diffusion is not a simple matter of political contagion or imitation; rather, it is a creative and strategic process marked by political learning, adaptation, and innovation.

This book is a response to that need, and its framework focuses on three basic analytical questions. First, what is being diffused? Second, how does diffusion occur?

Self, Identity, and Social Movements

Bridging psychology and sociology, this volume demonstrates the importance of self, identity, and self-esteem in analyzing and understanding social movements. The scholars gathered here provide a cohesive picture of how self and identity bear on social movement recruitment, activism, and maintenance. The result is a timely contribution to the social movements literature and to a greater understanding of the social and psychological forces at work within them.

Bridging psychology and sociology, this volume demonstrates the importance of self, identity, and self-esteem in analyzing and understanding social movements.

Islamic Education in Africa

Writing Boards and Blackboards

Writing boards and blackboards are emblematic of two radically different styles of education in Islam. The essays in this lively volume address various aspects of the expanding and evolving range of educational choices available to Muslims in sub-Saharan Africa. Contributors from the United States, Europe, and Africa evaluate classical Islamic education in Africa from colonial times to the present, including changes in pedagogical methods--from sitting to standing, from individual to collective learning, from recitation to analysis. Also discussed are the differences between British, French, Belgian, and Portuguese education in Africa and between mission schools and Qur'anic schools; changes to the classical Islamic curriculum; the changing intent of Islamic education; the modernization of pedagogical styles and tools; hybrid forms of religious and secular education; the inclusion of women in Qur'anic schools; and the changing notion of what it means to be an educated person in Africa. A new view of the role of Islamic education, especially its politics and controversies in today's age of terrorism, emerges from this broadly comparative volume.

The essays in this lively volume address various aspects of the expanding and evolving range of educational choices available to Muslims in sub-Saharan Africa.

A Topical Guide to the Koran & Sharia Law

Volume 1

This book is based on the 1734 translation of the Koran by George Sale. This translation is in King James English, making comparisons between it and the King James Bible easily. This is a topical guide that will take a word or short phrase and find it in every verse of the Koran where it appears. These verses are placed together so that the reader can readily determine the context and, therefore, the meaning of the word or phrase. In some instances such as the word “jihad,” which does not appear in the Sale translation, it is traced in the University of Michigan’s online translation of the Koran. There it appears thirteen times, but in only two does it mean an internal struggle. In the other eleven, it means warfare. When analyzing words and phrases in the Koran, it is important to know when they were received and written. It is also important to know that the Koran includes material that seems to come from other sources. This has been outlined in volume 2 of the 1,300 Years’ War. As noted in volume 1 of the 1,300 Years’ War, Muhammad (PBUH) has been thought by many for over 150 years to have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy associated with visual and auditory hallucinations. These seizures last less than three minutes. It is, therefore, important to know which suras might have come from a single episode. A table shows this in volume 1 (table 8). Many scholars divide the Koran into four major periods: early Mecca (AD 610–615), mid-Mecca (AD 616), late Mecca (AD 617–621) and Medina (AD 622–632). The analysis of the verses in these periods found that militancy against non-Muslims progresses: 7.7 percent of the verses from early Mecca are militant. This rises to 10.6 percent in the mid-Mecca period, and 18.3 percent in the late Mecca period. It tops out at 29.3 percent in the Medina period. The colored version of the topical guide shows these periods in black, blue, green, and red. In the black and white edition, it shows these four periods of the Koran in plain italics, boldface italics, regular plain type, and boldface regular type. The reason this division is important is the doctrine of abrogation (2:106) given early in the Medina period. This states that verses given later may nullify verses given earlier. Thus, many peaceful verses given in the early parts of the Koran may be nullified by the “verse of the sword” (9:5) given later toward the end of the prophet’s life: “Slay the idolaters wherever you find them.” So far as I have been able to determine, there has been no stylistic analysis of the Koran. A person studying the Koran or the history of Islam will find this work most valuable.

This book is based on the 1734 translation of the Koran by George Sale.

THE Korân Index & Topical Guide Islâmic Law Volume I

In writing The 1300 Years' War; the evolution of Judea-Christianity and Islam and their associated warfare I found it necessary to know of the Prophet's life, times, associates and the precise meanings of words found in the Holy Korân. Such information for the Bible is readily available in a number of concordances by such authors as Dummelow and Strong. I was unable to find any for the Korân. This Topical Guide permits one to create his own concordance. Many critical words are listed along with the complete text in the Korân where these words are used. I used the George Sale Korân of 1734 to avoid modern bias. In addition, this edition is in King James English making it easy to compare with the Bible. Sale's Korân was not versed. It was copied into a word processor and then versed according to modern conventions as found in approved texts and the University of Michigan on-line version. It is a reference work for those who wish a better understanding of the Holy Korân.

I was unable to find any for the Korân. This Topical Guide permits one to create his own concordance. Many critical words are listed along with the complete text in the Korân where these words are used.

A Topical Guide to the Koran and Sharia Law

Volume 3

This book is based on the 1734 translation of the Koran by George Sale. This translation is in King James English, making comparisons between it and the King James Bible easily. This is a topical guide that will take a word or short phrase and find it in every verse of the Koran where it appears. These verses are placed together so that the reader can readily determine the context and, therefore, the meaning of the word or phrase. In some instances such as the word "jihad," which does not appear in the Sale translation, it is traced in the University of Michigan's online translation of the Koran. There it appears thirteen times, but in only two does it mean an internal struggle. In the other eleven, it means warfare. When analyzing words and phrases in the Koran, it is important to know when they were received and written. It is also important to know that the Koran includes material that seems to come from other sources. This has been outlined in volume 2 of the 1,300 Years' War. As noted in volume 1 of the 1,300 Years' War, Muhammad (PBUH) has been thought by many for over 150 years to have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy associated with visual and auditory hallucinations. These seizures last less than three minutes. It is, therefore, important to know which suras might have come from a single episode. A table shows this in volume 1 (table 8). Many scholars divide the Koran into four major periods: early Mecca (AD 610-615), mid-Mecca (AD 616), late Mecca (AD 617-621) and Medina (AD 622-632). The analysis of the verses in these periods found that militancy against non-Muslims progresses: 7.7 percent of the verses from early Mecca are militant. This rises to 10.6 percent in the mid-Mecca period, and 18.3 percent in the late Mecca period. It tops out at 29.3 percent in the Medina period. The colored version of the topical guide shows these periods in black, blue, green, and red. In the black and white edition, it shows these four periods of the Koran in plain italics, boldface italics, regular plain type, and boldface regular type. The reason this division is important is the doctrine of abrogation (2:106) given early in the Medina period. This states that verses given later may nullify verses given earlier. Thus, many peaceful verses given in the early parts of the Koran may be nullified by the "verse of the sword" (9:5) given later toward the end of the prophet's life: "Slay the idolaters wherever you find them." So far as I have been able to determine, there has been no stylistic analysis of the Koran. A person studying the Koran or the history of Islam will find this work most valuable.

This book is based on the 1734 translation of the Koran by George Sale.

THE Korân Index & Topical Guide Islâmic Law Volume II

In writing The 1300 Years' War; the evolution of Judea-Christianity and Islam and their associated warfare I found it necessary to know of the Prophet's life, times, associates and the precise meanings of words found in the Holy Korân. Such information for the Bible is readily available in a number of concordances by such authors as Dummelow and Strong. I was unable to find any for the Korân. This Topical Guide permits one to create his own concordance. Many critical words are listed along with the complete text in the Korân where these words are used. I used the George Sale Korân of 1734 to avoid modern bias. In addition, this edition is in King James English making it easy to compare with the Bible. Sale's Korân was not versed. It was copied into a word processor and then versed according to modern conventions as found in approved texts and the University of Michigan on-line version. It is a reference work for those who wish a better understanding of the Holy Korân.

I was unable to find any for the Korân. This Topical Guide permits one to create his own concordance. Many critical words are listed along with the complete text in the Korân where these words are used.

Customary and Shari'ah Law in Arabian Society

The society and legal systems of Southern Arabia, both ancient and modern, form the subject of this second collection of articles by Professor Serjeant. His approach has been to make a detailed study of modern social structures and legal customs and to relate these to what we know of ancient society and law. The traditional tribal society of the region, he argues, has preserved in its customary law and practice a very great deal that derives directly from the pre-Islamic period, whereas the shari'ah, the law of Islam, though stemming from the same sources, has often diverged significantly from it. An understanding of the modern situation, therefore, is of immediate relevance to the interpretation of pre- and early-Islamic society. Among the particular topics covered are the interplay between tribal affinities and religious authority, marriage legislation and the "Frankish chancre" or (syphilis), and maritime customary law. From an ethnographic viewpoint, furthermore, these studies record peoples and lifestyles that have been increasingly overwhelmed by contemporary events. Les sociétés et les systèmes juridiques de l'Arabie du Sud, moderne et ancienne, sont le thème de ce recueil d'articles par le professeur Serjeant. Il aborde le sujet avec une étude des structures sociales modernes, ainsi que du droit coutumier, puis les rattache à ce qui est connu de la société et du droit anciens. La société tribale traditionnelle de la région, affirme-t'il, a conservé un grand nombre d'us et coutumes trouvant des origines directes au cours de la période pre-islamique, alors que le droit de l'Islam, le shari'ah, bien qu'issu des mÃames sources, s'en éloigne de façon significative. Le fait de comprendre la situation moderne a donc un rapport immédiat avec toute interprétation de la société islamique à ses débuts. Parmi les thèmes spécifiques que couvre l'auteur, se trouvent le droit marital et le "chancre" franc (syphilitique), le droit

The society and legal systems of Southern Arabia, both ancient and modern, form the subject of this second collection of articles by Professor Serjeant.

Islamic Human Rights and International Law

Traditional Islamic law has long been regarded as academic, local in nature, and relevant only as a measure of the inadequacy of women's rights in the family law regimes of a few Islamic states. In opposition, the author argues that the Sharia is both a quasi-regional customary international law capable of competing with prevailing customary international law, and brings its own international agenda of "Islamic human rights" that compete with and seek to displace "Western human rights." Rather than acknowledging the rights of Muslims qua Muslims internationally, aggressive proponents of an "American customary-law-of-human-rights school" have responded with a new militant doctrine of "instant customary law" to aid the U.S. in its "war on terror," targeting the Sharia wherever encountered, and risking a global "war on Islam."

Chapter 1 AL-SHARIA: ISLAMIC LAW. Unlike Christianity and Judaism, Islam is
not a religion with law, but a religion of law. Islamic law, usually termed al-Sharia,
or “the Path,” is not merely an integral part of Islam, but is its raison d'etre. That is
 ...