Religious tax and monetary system in Islam, with reference to Indonesia.
Religious tax and monetary system in Islam, with reference to Indonesia.
Notes on Islamic Economics: Theories and InstitutionsIn this book I present the basic theories and the institutional set up of Islamic economics. It consists of chapters one through eleven. Chapters one and two attempt to answer the questions of 'what is Islamic Economics' and 'why we need to study it', they also discuss issues of definition, scope, sources of knowledge and relevance. The third chapter deals with the basic values and ethical questions of Islamic economics both as a branch of science and as a study of the Islamic economic system. It briefly studies ethical values which affect economic behaviour of men and women like of efficiency, performance, self-reliance, perfection and benevolence. Chapter four discusses the fundamental institutional setup of the Islamic economic system. It argues that the Islamic institutional set up is based on nine pillars which are: 1) Property rights, 2) Exchange and contracts, 3) Economic freedom, 4) Market structure, 5) Wealth and income, 6) State of law, 7) Economic activity of the state, 8) Internal ethical monitor, and 9) Mercy and caring. The next two chapters are devoted to the discussion of the position and place of the state and the private sector in the system and the interrelations between them. The main argument of these chapters is that while the Islamic system adores private ownership and economic freedom, it assigns an important role to the state, in all its branches, and charges it with important functions including the management of public properties and natural resources, which may be huge under certain circumstances. Islamic theories of consumer behavior and producer behavior are discussed in chapters seven and eight. The basic theorem of these two chapters is that human beings are not one dimensional. They rather have a benevolent facet of their behaviors which is present both in the consumers and the firms as well. The analysis in these two chapters tries to take this behavioral element into consideration. Chapter nine revisits the market and deals with the structure of prices at the micro level. It argues that the market reforms introduced by the Prophet, pbuh, himself were very exemplary in setting the desired structure for the market on the basis of fair play of market forces of demand and supply without elements of injustice which may come from monopoly, financial power, unethical practices by some actors or insufficient power of enforcement of exchange contracts. At the same time the Islamic market structure does not assume conditions of perfect competition. The last two chapters are devoted to discussing the effect of market structure on the factors of production and on the allocation process of resources. They also discuss regulations in the market and their extent and effects.In this book as in the other three books of this series, I deal with the fundamental issues of Islamic economics and finance in a realistic yet innovative manner while observing fundamental relations, ties and inspiration from the basic sources of the Islamic religion and its Shari'ah rulings; the Qur'an and the Sunnah.
Notes on Islamic Economics: Theories and InstitutionsIn this book I present the basic theories and the institutional set up of Islamic economics.
Islamic Macroeconomics proposes an Islamic model that offers significant prospects for economic growth and durable macroeconomic stability, and which is immune to the defects of the economic models prevailing both in developed and developing countries. An Islamic model advocates a limited government confined to its natural duties of defence, justice, education, health, infrastructure, regulation, and welfare of the vulnerable population. It prohibits interest-based debt and money, and requires full liberalization of all markets including labor, financial, commodity, trade, and foreign exchange markets. The government should be Sharia-compliant in its taxation power and regulatory intervention; it ought to reduce unproductive spending in favor of productive spending. This book is essential reading for students and academics of Islamic economics and finance, economists, practitioners, and researchers.
This book is essential reading for students and academics of Islamic economics and finance, economists, practitioners, and researchers.
901. SHORT TITLE. This title may be cited as the "White-Collar Crime Penalty Enhancement Act of 2002". SEC. 902. ATTEMPTS AND CONSPIRACIES TO COMMIT CRIMINAL FRAUD OFFENSES. (a) IN GENERAL.— Chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code, ...
Credit and credit risk permeates every corner of the financial world. Previously credit tended to be acknowledged only when dealing with counterparty credit risk, high-yield debt or credit-linked derivatives, now it affects all things, including such fundamental concepts as assessing the present value of a future cash flow. The purpose of this book is to analyze credit from the beginning'the point at which any borrowing entity (sovereign, corporate, etc.) decides to raise capital through its treasury operation. To describe the debt management activity, the book presents examples from the development banking world which not only presents a clearer banking structure but in addition sits at the intersection of many topical issues (multi-lateral agencies, quasi-governmental entities, Emerging Markets, shrinking pool of AAA borrowers, etc.). This book covers: -Curve construction (instruments, collateralization, discounting, bootstrapping) -Credit and fair valuing of loans (modeling, development institutions) -Emerging markets and liquidity (liquidity, credit, capital control, development) -Bond pricing (credit, illiquid bonds, recovery pricing) -Treasury (funding as an asset swap structure, benchmarks for borrowing/investing) -Risk and asset liability management (leverage, hedging, funding risk).
The purpose of this book is to analyze credit from the beginning--the point at which any borrowing entity (sovereign, corporate, etc.) decides to raise capital through its treasury operation.
This the Bank may undertake to do by selling Treasury bills in the open market. Regardless of who buys the bills, the effect is to reduce the commercial banks' reserve balances on deposit with the Bank of England.
Limiting receipt of Treasury notes .. 106 May 7. — Extending time for loan office and final settlement certificates . 106 1823 , Mar. 3. - Making foreign gold coins receivable for lands .. 107 1824 , Jan. 22. - Authorizing purchase of 7 ...
